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Psych Topic 3 Forensic
Fichas del conjunto (52)
- 1Name the 4 processes of forensic psychologycriminal investigation, pre-trial, trial, post trial
- 2Name the elements of the criminal investigationprofiling, lie detection, identification parades, eyewitness testimony, repressed memories, interrogations and confession
- 3Name the elements of pre-trialCompetency to stand trial, pre-trial publicity, jury selection
- 4Name the elements of trialinsanity plea, expert evidence, jury deliberation, sentencing
- 5name the elements of a post trialthe prison experience, treatment of offenders and risk assessment
- 6What are the functions of an expert witness1) aid in understanding an issue relevant to the case
2) provide an opinion. - 7What are the challenges of providing expert testimonyecological validity, loss of objectivity, psych can intrude upon legitimate activities, psych is seen as common sense
- 8What is admissibility criteriaExperts must satisfy the judge that they have special knowledge above and beyond that of the average juror and that this expertise will assist jurors.
- 9What is expert evidencefingerprints, facial mapping, hair analysis
- 10Name the two ways eyewitness memory is assessedRecall Memory → reporting details of previously witnessed events/person, prompted through open and closed questions.
Recognition Memory → reporting whether what is currently being viewed/heard is the same as the previously witnessed person/event of interest. → done through a line up. - 11Name the two main variables that affect eyewitness memoryEstimator variables → variables that are present at the time of the crime and cannot be changed. E.g. lighting, distance, context, exposure time, disguise, alcohol/drugs, characteristics of witnesses etc. (these can’t be changed).
System variables → variables that can be manipulated after the fact and impact the accuracy of witnesses. They are within the control of the justice systems e.g. techniques for questioning witnesses is a SV.
NOTE: expectations also affect perception and own race bias (tendency for people to struggle to identify ppl of another race) - 12What is flashbulb memorywhen people report clear, vivid and detailed recollections of unexpected and traumatic events they have experienced.
- 13Explain the three sub-theories of estimator variablesEmotional level --> Memory best at optimum level of arousal
Easterbrook Hypothesis --> Highly aroused witnesses have better memory for central details than peripheral details.
Weapon focus effect --> Presence of a weapon draws attention and impairs a witness’ ability to identify a culprit. - 14What is the Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve (System Variables)The delay between witnessing an event and giving a statement can affect memory.
- 15What is the misinformation effect?Exposure to incorrect information about an event after it has occurred often causes people to incorporate this misinformation into their memories.
Ex: McMartin Preschool, Loftus 1975 (car accident) - 16Explain Repressed/False MemoriesLoftus believes that therapists sometimes implant false memories of sexual abuse in their patients.
Others believe that the memories are for actual events but they were repressed and later recovered.
It was also theorised that people bury or repress traumatising memories (Acc to Freud) so deeply in their unconscious that they are unable to recall them until they are either spontaneously recalled. - 17What are the factors increasing susceptibility to the misinformation effectAge (young and old)
Hypnosis
Suggestibility
Credible source of misinformation
Repetition of misinformation
Misinformation is peripheral - 18What are Limitations of Research on the Misinformation Effectmethodological issues --> type of questioning, ecological validity.
Ethical issues --> implanting false memories - 19What are 2 types of eyewitness lineupTarget-present lineups → lineup contains the culprit
Target-absent lineups → lineup contains an innocent suspect - 20Name the five pieces of evidence for inaccurate IDs1) Surveyed justice officials, 2) DNA Exoneration cases, 3) empirical studies of ID performance, 4) field studies, 5) lab studies
- 21What are the factors affecting estimator variablesViewing conditions
Fatigue, alcohol
Attention
Own race bias
Arousal
Weapon focus - 22What are the factors affecting system variablesID procedures
Composition of lineup
Format of ID Procedure
Instructions given to witnesses
Lineup presentation - 23What are the two types of identification proceduresshowups --> A one-person lineup containing only the suspect. Can be performed in the street or at a police station.
Lineups --> Tests the ability of the witness to identify the suspect when seen with several foils. - 24What is composition and format of ID ProcedureComposition --> Lineup should consist of foils who look like the eyewitness’ description.
Format --> Lineups can be live videos or photos → Live lineups are expensive and difficult to arrange. - 25Describe the process of identification from photographsLineup instructions --> Witnesses should be told that the perpetrator may or may not be in the lineup.
- can take the form of a photo lineup
- mugshot searches - 26what is unconscious transference (part of mugshot searches)When people remember a face, but mistake the circumstances in which they saw the face.
- 27What is the simultaneous and sequential lineupsimultaneous: Present all lineup members at the same time to witness.
sequential: members are presented one at a time and must decide if it is or is not the criminal before seeing another photo/person. - 28Explain relative and absolute judgementrelative: Comparing lineup members to one another and choosing the one who looks like the culprit the most.
Absolute: each member of the lineup is compared to the witness’ memory. - 29What should we educate jurors on?Biassed lineups
Lineup instructions given
How confidence is not always a good indicator of accuracy
The way in which (mis)leading questions can influence memory. - 30What is deductive criminal profilingProfiling the background characteristics of an unknown offender based on evidence left at the crime scene(s) by that particular offender.
- 31What is Inductive criminal profilingProfiling the background characteristics of an unknown offender based on what we know about other solved cases. Relies on a determination of how likely it is an offender will possess certain background characteristics given the prevalence of these characteristics among known offenders who have committed similar crimes.
- 32Statistical profilingData is collected from solved crimes and analysed using complex statistics.
- 33Geographic profilingInvolves an analysis of crime scene locations in order to determine the most probable area of offender residence.
- 34What are polygraphs?Polygraphs measure physiological change (BP, heart rate, respiration, sweating) not lies.
Assumption: telling a lie is more stressful than telling the truth. - 35What is the relevant/irrelevant test?Ask questions relevant and irrelevant to the crime and seemingly guilty people will respond more strongly when lying about relevant questions.
- 36What is the Control Question Test?Phase 1 → pre test interview + irrelevant, relevant questions discussed with suspects until questions are unambiguous. This is followed by control questions related to the issue but not crime.
Phase 2 → Idea is to convince suspects that the polygraph will be able to detect lies.
Phase 3 → Control, relevant and irrelevant questions are asked several times over.
Phase 4 → Score using global approach, numerical scoring approach.
If Relevant > Control = negative score
if Control > Relevant = positive score - 37What is the guilty knowledge test?It assesses if the suspect has information that only the criminal would know. Asks suspects multiple choice questions, one option is correct. Assumes if the suspect is guilty they will react strongly to correct information.
- 38What are the 9 steps of accusatorial interrogationpositive confrontation, theme development, handling denials, overcoming objections, retaining suspect's attention, handling suspect's passive mood, making opportunity to confess, oral confession, conv. oral to written conf
- 39positive confrontationA direct presentation of real or fictional evidence and the suspect’s involvement in the crime
- 40Theme DevelopmentPsychological themes developed to justify the crime
Differs depending on suspect’s emotional state
Emotional → minimisation techniques (GOOD COP) (offering support, building rapport, lull the suspect into false sense of security)
Non-emotional → maximisation techniques (BAD COP) (exaggerate seriousness of crime and charges and presenting false claims against suspect). - 41Handling denialsStopping suspects repetition or elaboration of denials
- 42Overcoming objectionsOvercome objections by showing understanding and returning to the conversation theme
- 43Retaining suspect’s attentionInterrogator retains the suspects attention by moving physically closer to the suspect, leaning in towards him/her, and maintaining eye contact
- 44Handling the suspect’s passive moodInterrogator focuses the suspect’s mind on possible reasons for committing the crime.
Interrogator exhibits signs of sympathy, urges the suspect to tell the truth, and creates a remorseful mood. - 45Creating an opportunity to confessSuspects are given an opportunity to provide an explanation or excuse for the crime
Given two alternative explanations of the crime to choose from:
Unacceptable excuse
Acceptable excuse - 46Oral confessionDevelopment of the initial confession that discloses the circumstances, motives and details of a crime.
Questions should be brief, clear and non emotionally charged. - 47Converting oral confession into written oneThis step is important because suspects sometimes deny that they made an oral confession.
- 48Describe the 3 types of false confessionsVoluntary false --> Occurs without being prompted by the police and linked to a desire for notoriety,
Coerced-implicit --> Occurs in response to a desire to escape further interrogation, gain a promised reward or avoid a threatened punishment. The confessor knows that they did not commit the crime.
Coerced-internalised --> Results from highly suggestive interrogations where the confessor becomes that they did the crime (internalises). - 49How to let the suspect talkNow the focus is on “investigative interviewing” rather than “interrogation.”
PEACE Model
Planning and preparation
Engage and explain
Account
Closure
Evaluation
Based on an interview method known as conversation management, which encourages information gathering over securing a confession. - 50What are the characteristics of a JuryImpartiality → lack of bias on the part of jurors
Threats to impartiality
Pre-existing biases, prejudices, attitudes, negative pretrial publicity.
Representativeness → ensured through random selection from the community
Representativeness can be affected by how the original panel is selected, what percentage of panel come to court and who manages being avoided to call or who is disqualified. - 51What are Jury Selection challenges an?Peremptory challenges → removal of a limited number of prospective jurors without specifying reasons
Challenges for cause → Both parties also have an unlimited right to challenge with “cause” i.e. for a stated reason. - 52What are the six steps of reaching a verdict1) Listening to the evidence
2) Disregarding Inadmissible Evidence
3) Judge’s instructions
4) Juror decision making
5) jury deliberation
6) the final verdict
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- Psychology Fichas sobre Psych Topic 3 Forensic, creado por Maree Sialepis el 13/05/2024.
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- Maree Sialepis
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