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Memory

phoebewoodhouse Inglés 57 fichas

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1Who proposed the multistore model of memory?Atkinson and Shriffrin
2What does the multistore model of memory look like?
3What is coding?The format in which we hold information
4What is capacity?The amount of information that can be stored at any one time
5What is duration?The length of time for which information can be stored
6What is the coding in the sensory store?Different store for each sense, therefore type of coding depends on the nature of the information
Iconic (visual)
Echoic (acoustic)
Haptic (touch)
7What is the coding in STM?Mainly acoustic
Harder to retain information when it sounds similar
8What is the coding in LTM?Semantic - give information a meaning
9What is the capacity of the SR?Potentially very large, takes everything in but very briefly
10What is the capacity of the STM?Limited = 7+-2
11What is the capacity of LTM?Potentially unlimited
12What is the duration of the SR?Iconic = 0.5secs
Echoic = 4secs
13What is the duration of the STM?Max 30 secs unless rehearsed
14What is the duration of the LTM?Potentially a life time
(80% accuracy after 48 years on photo of school class)
15What did Sperling study and how does it support the MSM?Ppts shown a grid of 12 letters briefly, they could recall on average 4 letters. Asked to recall a single row indicated by the sound of a tone Ppts could remember 3 of the letters in the row.
Supports claim that SR has a large capacity
16What did Peterson and Peterson study and how does this support the MSM?Showed ppts trigram, count backwards in 3s to prevent rehearsal, 80% recall after 3 secs, 10% after 18 secs. Supports that STM = limited duration, during this time certain items start to be forgotten
17What did Conrad study and how does this support the MSM?Supports claim that STM uses acoustic coding
18What did Bahrick et al study and how does this support the MSM?Supports claim that LTM is less likely to have retrieval failure if prompted by a photo. May need a cue.
19What did Baddeley study and how does this support the MSM?Supports claim that LTM uses semantic coding.
20What did Milner study and how does this support the MSM?Supports claim that memory consists of 3 different stores
21What are the limitations of the MSM?The model says all info is processed in the same way but some things are more memorable than others e.g. Cute, random, upsetting, funny
Emotional things we don't have to rehearse, flash bulb memory
22Is the MSM active or passive?Passive
23What is maintenance rehearsal?Going over and over something does not guarantee it goes into LTM
24What is elaborative rehearsal?Thinking about it, giving it meaning, striving to understand it, much better way to get info into LTM
25Who proposed the WM?Baddeley and Hitch
26What does the working memory model look like?
27What is the function of the CE?Allocates tasks to slave systems
28What is the function of the phonological loop?Holds verbal info. 'inner voice'
29What is the function of the visuo-spatial sketchpad?Temporary store of visual/spatial info
30What is the function is the episodic buffer?Temporary back up store for slave systems
31What are the sub components for the visuo-spatial sketchpad?Visual cache and inner scribe
32What are the sub-components for the phonological loop?Phonological store and the articulatory process
33What is the articulatory process?'inner voice' rehearses verbal info
34What did Baddeley et al study that supports working memory?supports claim we can only store the amount of phonological information that we can say in 2 seconds
35What did Baddeley and Hitch study and how does it support the WM?Supports claim STM consists of seperate components, such as the CE for making decisions, and PL for holding verbal info
36What is a strength of WM?It gives more of a complete account of how STM world that the MSM. Better explanation of how we can multi real
37What are the types of LTMProcedural, declarative and Procedural and semantic
38What is procedural memory?Once we have learned something we can do it without conscious thought
39What is episodic memoryPersonal events that have been time stamped
40What is declarative memory?Require conscious thought S & E
41What is semantic memoryKnowledge of the world and facts
42Who was Hm?Had hippocampus removed
Studied for 55 years
Lost his episodic
43What did Tulving study?Did brain scans of healthy people
Showed different parts of the brain are active depending on what memory they were using
44Who was Clive Wearing?Brain damaged
Still has some procedural
Semantic still works
Most episodic memory
45Why isn't the evidence for LTM credible-lack of pop. validity because they use case studies
-not necessarily applicable to those who aren't brain damaged
46What is the encoding specificity principal?The less similar the cues are at the time of encoding and retrieval, the more likely we are to forget
47What are cues?Other sources of information available at the time of encoding a memory, they act as triggers. There are 2 types
48What are the 2 types of cues?Context and state cues
49What are context cues?Aspects of the external environment e.g. weather, people, noises
50What are state cues?These are internal cues, to do with our psychological and physiological state e.g. how we are feeling, whether we are under the influence of alcohol
51How did Baker et al support RFT?Ppts are asked to learn a list of 15 words either with or without chewing gum and recalled 24 hours later with its without gum, recall was better if encoding was the same
52Credibility of evidence for RFT-v different research yet findings are the same=reliable
-lack of ecological validity
-gd internal validity
53Limitation of RFTWe can't be sure if the memory was transferred into LTM so therefore no amount of context cues will help to remember it
54What is interference?When 2 memories compete with each other. One memory causes the other to be forgotten either because the original memory is 'overwritten', moved or distorted. The more similar they are the more likely they are to be inteferred
55What are the 2 types of interference?Retroactive and proactive
56What is retroactive interference?A newly learned memory affects an old memory e.g. when you learn 2 languages
57What is proactive interference?A string existing memory causes you to forget a newly learned piece of info e.g. getting a new persons name confused with someone you've known for a while