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Lecture 1
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- 1Intermediary model of communication
- 2Linear/transmission mode of communication
- 3Interactive model of Communication
- 4TRANSACTIONAL MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
- 5Shannon’s model of communication process (TRANSMISSION MODEL/ LINEAR)
- 6Harold Laswell’s model of communication (LINEAR/ ONE-WAY)
- 7Aristotle’s model of communication (RETHORICS)
- 8Berlo’s SMCR Communication Model
- 9Looped model of communication (INTERACTIVE) Schramm’s model of communication
- 10Transactional model Barnlund’s model of communication
- 11Transactional means• Each of us is a sender-receiver, not merely a sender or a receiver
• So communication is fluid/simultaneous.
• The transactional model also contains ellipses that symbolize the communication environment
• The result is that communication is always a matter of negotiation and cannot be predicted in advance.
• Where the ellipses meet is the most effective communication area because both communicators share the same meaning of the message - 12Communicative positioningInferior positioning - An individual expresses a subordinate position in relation to the other person.
Equal positioning - An individual will position oneself on an equal footing with the individual to whom one is talking.
Dominant positioning - An individual will present oneself as one who has the right to control the other part - 13Downward information flowElements that flow downward
Best bets to improve downward communication - 14Upward information flowFactors that allow upward communication to be effective
Best bets to improve upward communication - 15Downward communicationsomeone near the top of the organization sends a message to a person at the bottom. The taller the organization, the greater risk of message distortion
- 16- Upward communicationorganizations often ignore it; gatekeeper= person to pass on information
- 17Formal vs Informal flow of communication
- 18Formal Information Flow
- 19Informal communication Flow
- 20Barriers to effective communication- Climate control – closed or inadequate communication climate
- Emotional interference
- Information overload
- Defensiveness
- Poor listening skills
- Cultural differences - 21Ways to overcoming barriers- Foster an open communication climate
- Avoid defensive reactions
- Facilitate feedback from others by listening with open mind
- Understand intercultural communication
- Positive body language
- Being a good listener
- Find a common goal - 223Ts of presentationTell what you are going to tell (INTRO)
Tell the story/deliver the message (BODY)
Tell what you just have told in a powerful manner (SUM-UP) - 234Ss of effective communication
- 24ShortnessThe message can be made brief, and verbosity done away with, then transmission and comprehension of messages is going to be faster and more effective. Flooding messages with high sounding words does not create an impact. Many people harbor a misconception that they can actually impress the receiver, if they carry on their expeditious travails. Little do they realize how much they have lost as the receiver has spent a major chunk of his time in trying to decipher the actual meaning of the message.
- 25SimplicitySimplicity both in the usage of words and ideas reveals clarity in the thinking process. It is normally a tendency that when an individual is himself confused that he tries to use equally confusing strategies to lead the receiver in a maze. Reveal clarity in the thinking process by using simple terminology and equally simple concepts.
- 26StrengthThe strength of a message emanates from the credibility of the sender. If the sender himself believes in a message that he is about to transmit, there is bound to be strength and conviction in whatever he tries to state. Halfhearted statements or utterances that the sender himself does not believe in add a touch of falsehood to the entire.
- 27SincerityA sincere approach to an issue is clearly evident to the receiver. If the sender is genuine, it will be reflected in the manner in which he communicates. Suppose there is a small element of deceit involved in the interaction or on the part of the sender. If the receiver is keen an observant, he would be able to sense the make-believe situation and, business transactions, even if going full swing, would not materialize.
- 285WsWHY - the audience should listen to me
WHAT - what should the audience get out of the presentation/the essence
WHO - is my audience and why they want to listen to me. What do they expect?
WHEN - what time of the day, is there anything significant to consider
WHERE – what are the facilities of the room - 296Ds of communication1. Define who needs to get your message (s)
2. Detail what you want that recipients take away
3. Distil message(s) down to the simplest form
4. Decide on the best medium for delivery
5. Deliver your message
6. Determine success by measuring ROI - 307Cs of effective communicationd
- 311. Correctness/ CredibilityAt the time of encoding, if the encoder has comprehensive knowledge about the decoder of message, it makes the communication an ease. The encoder should know the status, knowledge and educational background of the decoder. Correctness means:
Use the right level of language
Correct use of grammar, spelling and punctuation
Accuracy in stating facts and figures
Correctness in message helps in building confidence. - 322. ClarityClarity demands the use of simple language and easy sentence structure in composing the message. When there is clarity in presenting ideas, it’s easy for the receiver/decoder to grasp the meaning being conveyed by the sender/encoder.
Clarity makes comprehension easier. - 333. ConcisenessA concise message saves time of both the sender and the receiver. Conciseness, in a business message, can be achieved by avoiding wordy expressions and repetition. Using brief and to the point sentences, including relevant material makes the message concise. Achieving conciseness does not mean to loose completeness of message.
Conciseness saves time. - 344. CompletenessBy completeness means the message must bear all the necessary information to bring the response you desire. The sender should answer all the questions and with facts and figures. and when desirable, go for extra details.
Completeness brings the desired response. - 355. ConsiderationConsideration demands to put oneself in the place of receiver while composing a message. It refers to the use of You attitude, emphases positive pleasant facts, visualizing reader’s problems, desires, emotions and his response.
Consideration means understanding of human nature. - 366. ConcretenessBeing definite, vivid and specific rather than vague, obscure and general leads to concreteness of the message. Facts and figures being presented in the message should be specif.
Concreteness reinforces confidence. - 37CourtesyIn business, almost everything starts and ends in courtesy. Courtesy means not only thinking about receiver but also valuing his feelings. Much can be achieved by using polite words and gestures, being appreciative, thoughtful, tactful, and showing respect to the receiver. Courtesy builds goodwill.
- 38IMPRESS ModelI: I for idea
M: for message
P: For pause/paragraphs
R: for receiver
E:For empahty
S:for sender
S:for security check - 39Strategic communication:1. Plan & Purpose
2. Targeted & Audience
3. Message
4. Change
5. With best resources available - 40What is a meeting?A formal meeting is a meeting convened by regulations, as for example a board meeting, whereas an informal meeting is usually called by people working in the business.
- 41Types of meetings:Formal meetings and informal meetings
- 426D’s of communication- Define who needs to get your message
- Detail what you want that recipients take away
- Distil your message down to the simplest form
- Decide on the best medium for delivery
- Choose the relevant ones for you
- Key components - 43Rule 1: Effective Negotiation= Effective CommunicationTools: 4Ss, 7Cs, 5Ws, 3Ts, IMPRESS (one way communication), rethorics (ethos, pathos, logos - Aristotle), Communication styles and behavior
- 44Thomas Kilmann’s 5 Styles of negotiations1. Avoidance
2. Competition
3. Accommodation
4. Collaboration
5. Compromise - 45Conflict models
- 46BATNABest Alternative to Negotiated Agreement
- 47WAP (Reservation price)Walking away point
- 48ZOPAZone of Possible Agreement
- 49—
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- High Communication Fichas sobre Lecture 1, creado por jonas.klausen el 17/04/2016.
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