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AQA GCSE Biology B1.1.2 How our bodies defend themselves against infectious diseases
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- 1What are microorganisms that cause infectious disease are called?Pathogens
- 2What are three types of microorganisms?Bacteria
Virus
Fungi - 3How do bacteria and viruses make us feel ill?Reproduce rapidly inside the body
Produce poisons (toxins) - 4What microorganism damages the cells in which it reproduces?Viruses
- 5How do white blood cells help to defend against pathogens?■ingesting pathogens
■ producing antibodies
■ producing antitoxins - 6How do viruses cause disease?1) Infect a body cell, get inside it and reproduce
2)Reproduces so many copies of itself that the cell burst open and is damaged
3)This takes place in many cells - 7How does ingesting pathogens work?1) White blood cell detects a problem and moves towards the pathogen
2) engulfs a pathogen
3)white blood cell releases enzymes from are pathogen has been engulfed
4) pathogen digested over s period of minutes and is made harmless - 8How do antibodies protect the body against?1)Antibodies attach onto antigens
2)Destroys pathogens - 9How do antitoxins destroy toxins?They deactivate toxins and make them safe
- 10What leads to the immunity from a specific pathogen?The immune system of the body producing specific antibodies to kill that particular pathogen
- 11What can stimulate antibody production in some cases?Dead or inactivated pathogens
- 12What happens if a large proportion of the population is immune to a pathogen?The spread of the pathogen is very much reduced
- 13What did Semmelweis recognize?The importance of
hand-washing in the prevention of spreading some
infectious diseases - 14What did Semmelweis insist doctors do?wash their hands before examining patients
- 15What did Semmelweis find when doctors washer their hands?The number of deaths from infectious diseases in his hospital was greatly decreased
- 16What do some medicines including paracetamol do?Help to relieve the symptoms of infectious disease, but do not kill
the pathogens. - 17What do medicines such as Antibiotics, including penicillin do to pathogens?help to cure bacterial disease by killing infectious
bacteria inside the body - 18What can Antibiotics not kill?Viral pathogens
- 19Why cant antibiotics kill viral pathogens?As viral pathogens live and reproduce inside cells
- 20What does the use of antibiotics greatly reducethe number of deaths from infectious bacterial diseases
- 21What does overuse and inappropriate use of antibiotics result in?An increase in the rate of development of antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria.
- 22How have strains of bacteria, including MRSA, developed resistance?By natural selection
- 23How can further resistance to antibiotics be prevented?By avoiding over-use of antibiotics
- 24What do mutations of new pathogens produce?New strains
- 25What happens if antibiotics and vaccinations are no longer effective against a new resistant strain of the pathogen?The new
strain will then spread rapidly because people are not
immune to it and there is no effective treatment - 26What do antibiotics kill?individual pathogens of the
non-resistant strain - 27What happens when individual resistant pathogens survive and reproduce?the population of the resistant
strain increases - 28Why aren't antibiotics not used to treat non-serious infections, such as mild throat infections?so that the rate of development of
resistant strains is slowed down - 29What does the development of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria necessitate?the development of new antibiotics
- 30How can people be immunised against a diseaseby
introducing small quantities of dead or inactive forms
of the pathogen into the body called a vaccination - 31What do vaccines do?stimulate the white blood cells to produce antibodies
that destroy the pathogens - 32What is the purpose of vaccines?To makes a person
immune to future infections by the microorganism - 33Why is a person immune to future infections by the microorganism after a vaccine?As The body can respond by rapidly making the correct
antibody, in the same way as if the person had
previously had the disease. - 34What is the MMR vaccine used for?to protect children against
measles, mumps and rubella - 35What is required for investigating the action of disinfectants and antibioticsUncontaminated cultures of microorganisms
- 36Why is the petri dish and culture media sterilised?Petri dishes and culture media must be sterilisedbefore use to kill unwanted microorganisms
- 37Why is the innoculated loop sterilised?inoculating loops used to transfer microorganisms to the media must be sterilised by passing them through a flame
- 38Why is the lid of the petri dish sterilised?the lid of the Petri dish should be secured with adhesive tape to prevent microorganisms from the air contaminating the culture.
- 39What is the maximum cultures are incubated at in schools and colleges?25 degrees centigrade
- 40Why is a temperature of 25 degrees centigrade used to incubate the culture?as it greatly reduces the likelihood of growth of
pathogens that might be harmful to humans. - 41What temperature is used in industry to incubate cultures?A higher temperature of about 37 is used to produce more rapid growth
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