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Attachment in Psychology: Stages and Theory
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- 1What is Reciprocity?responding to the action of another with a similar action, where the actions of one partner elicit a response from the other partner (Between infant and caregiver). e.g smiling
- 2How does reciprocity effect the child?Reciprocity influences the child’s physical, social and cognitive development. It becomes the basis for development of basic trust or mistrust, and shapes how the child will relate to the world, learn, and form relationships throughout life.
- 3what is Interactional synchronywhen 2 people interact they tend to mirror what the other is doing (facial/body movements/ emotions/ behaviours) .For example, a caregiver who laughs in response to their infants giggling sound and tickles them, is experiencing synchronized interaction.
- 4when is Interactional synchrony most likely to develop?if the caregiver attends fully to the baby's state, provides playful stimulation when the infant is alert and attentive, and avoids pushing things when an overexcited or tired infant is fussy
- 5who did a study to test imitation in infants?-Meltzoff and Moore (1977) - controlled observation with infants aged 12-21 days. 4 stimuli (3 faces and a hand gesture)
- observers watched videos of infants behaviour.
- infant given a dummy in between each expression. - 6what did their study show?suggests infants don’t have to learn to navigate the social world completely from scratch; from a very early age they have some grasp of their bodies and can copy other people.
- 7what are the limitations of this study by Meltzoff and Moore?- infants mouths in fairly constant motion/the expressions tested occur frequently making it difficult to establish between general activity /specific imitated behaviour
- but observers didn't know what behaviour being imitated - increased internal validity - 8limitations of Meltzoff and Moore study cont...- other research has been done showing that infants do not just imitate anything they see - it is a specific social response to other humans.
- 9who conducted a study on the development of attachments in 1964?Rudolph Schaffer and Peggy Emerson (1964)
- longitudinal study - 10Rudolph Schaffer and Peggy Emerson (1964): procedure?-60 infants from working class homes in Glasgow
- 5-23 weeks at start - studied until 1 year
- mothers visited ever 4 weeks
- at each visit mother reported infants response to separation in 7 everyday situations/ mother asked to describe intensity of protest. Rated on a 4 point scale. - 11what measures were recorded in this study?Stranger Anxiety - response to arrival of a stranger.
Separation Anxiety - distress level when separated from carer, degree of comfort needed on return.
Social Referencing - degree that child looks at carer to check how they should respond to something new (secure base). - 12what is the first stage of attachment?Indiscriminate attachments: (0-2 months)
- produce similar response to all objects whether animate/inanimate
- show greater preference to social stimuli like smiling
- reciprocity/IS play role in establishing relationships with others - 13what is the second stage of attachment?Beginnings of attachment: (4 months)
- more social/prefer human company
- can distinguish between familliar /unfamiliar people
- no stranger anxiety - 14what is the third stage of attachment?discriminate attachment: (7 months)
- separation anxiety
- formed specific attachment to primary attachment figure
-stranger anxiety - 15what is the fourth stage of attachment?- develops multiple attachments
-29% - risen to 78% in 6 months - of infants had multiple attachments to someone else (secondary attachments)
- separation anxiety - 16what is separation anxiety?The distress shown by an infant when separated from his/her caregiver.
- 17what is stranger anxiety?The distress shown by an infant when approached or picked up by someone who is unfamiliar.
- 18what is a Primary attachment figure?the person who has formed the closest bond with the child, demonstrated by the intensity of the relationship. This is usually a child's biological mother. but other people can fill the role.
- 19what are some criticisms of Schaffer and Emersons study?- unreliable - based on mothers report of their infant. some mothers might be less sensitive to their infants' protests so likely to report them (DC/SDB) - systematic bias - decreases validity of data.
- bias - finding only apply to the social group that was tested on/sample from 1960's and parental care of children has changed considerably since that time.
- stage theory suggests that development is inflexible - cultures vary - this then becomes a standard by which families are Judged and may be classed as abnormal. - 20what else did Schaffer and Emerson find out? (fathers)Whereas mothers usually adopt a more caregiving and nurturing role compared to father, fathers adopt a more play-mate role than mothers. For example, fathers are more likely than mothers to encourage risk taking in their children by engaging them in physical games.
- 21what is imprinting?an innate readiness to develop a strong bond with the mother which takes place during a specific time in development, probably the first few hours after birth/hatching. if it doesn't happen at this time it probably wont happen.
- 22what is a case study for imprinting?Lorenz (1935) - goslings
- 23what research showed that attachment is related to comfort not food?Harlow (1959)
- 24what is an example of research support for imprinting?Guiton (1966) - leghorn chicks/rubber gloves - supports the view that young animals are not born with a predisposition to imprint on a specific type of object but on any moving thing that is present during the critical period.
- 25what is classical conditioning?learning through association. a neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus so that it eventually takes on the properties of this stimulus and is able to produce a conditioned response.
- 26what is learning theory?a group of explanations (classical and operant conditioning) which explain behaviour in terms of learning rather than inborn tendencies or higher order thinking.
- 27what is operant conditioning?learning through reinforcement
- 28what is social learning theory?learning through observing others and imitating behaviours that are rewarded.
- 29classical conditioning...- first investigated by Ivan Pavlov.
- According to classical conditioning food (UCS) produces pleasure (UCR). The child simply associates food and mother together. The mother becomes the conditioned stimulus and happiness becomes the conditioned response…attachment has formed. - 30operant conditoning...- First investigated by B.F Skinner
- The presence of the caregiver is reinforcing for the infant. The infant gains pleasure / reward as they are being fed. The behaviour of the infant is reinforcing for the caregiver (the caregiver gains pleasure from smiles etc. – reward). The reinforcement process is therefore reciprocal (two way) and strengthens the emotional bond / attachment between the two. - 31what is the learning theory of attachment?Dollard & Miller (1950) state attachment is a learned behaviour that is acquired through both classical and operant conditioning. It is a nurture theory.
- 32Secondary drive hypothesis...Dollard & Miller (1950) used the term secondary drive hypothesis to describe the processes of learning an attachment through operant and classical conditioning. Secondary drive hypothesis explains how primary drives which are essential for survival, such as eating when hungry, become associated with secondary drives such as emotional closeness. They extended the theory to explain that attachment is a two way process that the caregiver must also learn, and this occurs through negative reinforcement when the caregiver feels pleasure because the infant is no longer distressed.
- 33evaluation of learning theory...- suggests food is key element to form attachment but studies have shown that this is not the case.
- drive reduction theory not used by psychologists anymore - can only explain limited number of behaviours
- Bowlby's theory has many advantages over learning theory - 34what is the continuity hypothesis?the idea that emotionally secure infants go on to be emotionally secure, trusting and socially confident adults
- 35what is the critical period?a biologically determined period of time, during which certain characteristics can develop. outside of this time window such development will not be possible
- 36what is the internal working model?a mental model of the world which enables individuals to predict and control their environment. in the case of attachment the model relates to a persons expectations about relationships.
- 37what is meant by monotropy (monotropic)??the idea that the one relationship that the infant has with his or her primary attachment figure is of special significance in emotional development
- 38what is a social releaser?a social behaviour or characteristic that elicits care giving and leads to attachment.
- 39what is Bowlby's theory?Bowlby’s monotropic theory of attachment suggests attachment is important for a child’s survival. Attachment behaviours in both babies and their caregivers have evolved through natural selection.This means infants are biologically programmed with innate behaviours that ensure that attachment occurs.This theory also suggests that there is a critical period for developing at attachment (about 0 - 2.5 years). If an attachment has not developed during this time period then hen it may well not happen at all.
- 40what are the 3 main features of the internal working model?(1) a model of others as being trustworthy,
(2) a model of the self as valuable, and
(3) a model of the self as effective when interacting with others. Around the age of three these seem to become part of a child’s personality and thus affects their understanding of the world and future interactions with others. - 41Research supporting Bowlby's theory...Konrad Lorenz (1935) supports Bowlby's monotropic theory as the attachment process of imprinting is an innate process which has a critical period. Also, the geese also attached to a single person/animal or object, thus showing monotropic behaviour. However, Rutter's Romanian Orphan Study showed that attachments can form after the critical period.
- 42what study provides evidence for the internal working model?Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation study provides evidence for the existence of internal working model. A secure child will develop a positive internal working model of itself because it has received sensitive emotional care from its primary attachment figure. An insecure-avoidant child will develop an internal working model in which it sees itself as unworthy because its primary attachment figure has reacted negatively to it during the sensitive period for attachment formation.
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- AS - Level Psychology Fichas sobre Sin título, creado por Kizzy Leverton el 10/05/2016.
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- Kizzy Leverton · may 2016
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- 17 may 2016
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