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Research Methods
Fichas del conjunto (50)
- 1What is cerebral angiography? What is it particularly good at showing?Radio-opaque substance is injected to see the circulatory system. It is good to see abnormalities is blood flow.
- 2What is a CT scan? How does it work? What are you able to see?Computed Tomography is a machine that rotates around the body with a ray coming from one tube and directing to a receiver on the other side. It allows you see the brain and other organs.
- 3How does MRI work? What are the benefits and drawbacks of this way of viewing the brain?The brain is put under a magnetic field causing hydrogen atoms to spin producing a wave. It has high resolution and spatial resolution. Cannot see a 3D image.
- 4How do PET scans work?Radioactive 2-DG (like glucose) is injected and taken up by active areas but is not metabolised. When the participants is asked to read or view an emotional stimulus you can see the parts of the brain that become active in a colour coded image.
- 5fMRI is dependent on BOLD signals. What does that mean?Blood-oxygen-level-dependence signals.
- 6How does fMRI work?Oxygenated blood cells are magnetic which is picked up by the magnetic field of the scanner so you can see what parts are active.
- 7What are the 4 benefit of fMRI?No radioactive injection
Provides structural and functional pictures of the brain
Good spatial resolution
Produces 3D images - 8What is 1 drawback of fMRI?It takes 2-3 seconds to produce the image, by which time the neural activity has already come and gone.
- 9What is MEG? Why is it in some ways better than fMRI?Picks up magnetic changes from the scalp. Produces quicker images that fMRI so higher temporal resolution.
- 10What does TMS stand for?Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation.
- 11How does TMS work?A magnetic coil is placed by the brain making that part unable to function. Deficits in cognitive ability can be measured so parts of the brain can be associated with different functional areas.
- 12How does EEG work?An EEG measures voltage changes in synapses by placing electrodes on the scalp.
- 13What is signal averaging in EEG? Why is it used?A participant repeats an activity many times and an average is taken for the neural activity over all the times they did the task. This cancels out the noise in EEG.
- 14What are the benefits and drawbacks of EEG?Benefits: good temporal resolution
Drawbacks: poor spatial resolution - 15What is EMG?Electromygraphy measures muscle twitches in response to motor neurons.
- 16Normal EMG signals are hard to read so an integrated EMG score is calculated. What is this calculated from?The number of spikes in the raw signals.
- 17What is elctrooculography?Electrodes are placed on either side of the eye and above and below. The difference in distance is calculated between the 4 points.
- 18What brain functions does skin conductance demonstrate?Emotional responses
- 19What are electrocardigrams?Electrodes are placed on the chest to measure changes in heart rate is response to emotional stimuli.
- 20What does a sphygomometer measure?Blood pressure
- 21What does plethysmography measure?Blood volume
- 22What is stereotaxic surgery? How do they know where to put the electrodes?Electrodes being placed deep into the brain. They are helped by a stereotaxic map which is a 3D representation of the brain.
- 23What are lesion methods?The destroying, damage or removal of parts of the brain to see effects on behaviour.
- 24What are aspiration lesions?The brain is exposed, white matter is peeled back, glass tube inserted into structure of interest and is sucked out through the tube, removing it completely. This is the preferred lesion method.
- 25What are radio-frequency lesions?High radio-frequency waves are emitted from an electrode which heats up and destroys areas of the brain. Big lesions require bigger radio-frequencies.
- 26What do knife cut lesions do? How is damaged avoided to other structures?Knife cuts sever nerves or tracts. Other structures aren't damaged because the knife swings out of an electrode when in the right place.
- 27What is cryogenic blockade? Why is the benefit of this method?An electrode is cooled just above freezing, temporarily stopping the neurons from firing. The lesions are reversible, once the neurons have returned to the normal temperature they work as they should.
- 28What are unilateral and bilateral lesions?Unilateral are only in one half of the brain. Bilateral lesions are done in both sides of the brain.
- 29How does electrical stimulation of the brain work?Two electrodes on either side of the brain are inserted and electrical currents run between them increasing the amount the neurons fire.
- 30What is intracellular unit recording?Looking at electrical changes in one specific cell/neuron through an electrode.
- 31What is extracellular unit recording?Looking at electrical changes is the extracellular fluid around a few neurons/cells through an electrode.
- 32What are multiple unit recordings?The same as extracellular but it picks up signals from many neurons, the electrode is much larger.
- 33What is the difference between normal EEG and invasive EEG?Metal screws are placed through the skull to pick up signals
- 34What are selective chemical lesions?Chemicals are injected into the brain and are only taken up by the target neurons, destroying them and leaving other neurons untouched.
- 35What is the 2-DG method of looking at chemical activity?Radioactive 2-DG is put into the brain, a few days later the animal is killed. Slices of their brain are coated in photographic emulsion and kept in the dark. The areas that absorbed 2-DG appear as black dots.
- 36What is cerebral dialysis as a method of looking at chemical changes in the brain?Electrodes are inserted into the extracellular fluid and measure levels of neurotransmitter. Better than the previous method because they don't have to be killed.
- 37What kind of chemicals does immunocytochemistry allow you to see?Neuropeptides
- 38What are gene knockout techniques?Creating an organism that lacks a certain gene to see how it influences behaviour.
- 39What is meant by a 'transgenic' animal?An animal that has a gene from another species.
- 40What is the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery for diagnosis? What is bad about this?A standardised series of cognitive tests that someone will undergo if they are thought to have brain damage. If they score under a certain amount they are said to have brain damage. This does not identify what parts of their brain are actually damaged.
- 41What are customised test batteries?Once it has been established that the person has brain damage, customised tests are taken place to see what parts of the brain may be effected.
- 42What is the major breakthrough found by customised test batteries?That there are different structures associated with long and short term memory rather than being from one structure.
- 43What are the 4 aspects tested in a non-specific battery of tests?Intelligence
Memory
Language
Language Lateralisation - 44Why is the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Test (WAIS) used in standardised battery tests?So the researcher can know their intelligence levels before conducting other tests.
- 45How would a researcher establish which side of the brain is dominant for language in a patient?The anesthetic sodium-amytal deactivates the side of the brain that it is injected to. If you have selected the right side the patient should remain mute for about 2 minutes.
- 46What does the Wisconsin Card Sorting task show the functioning of?The frontal lobe in relation to short-term memory.
- 47What problem does the paired image subtraction task designed to solve?Many parts of the brain become active that aren't of interest or relevance so it is hard to decide what one part of the brain is involved with one cognitive process.
- 48What are species-common behaviours?Behaviours that are all animals from the same species perform.
- 49What is an open field task when observing rats?Allowing the rat to roam without disruption and observing their behaviour.
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- Bachelors Degree Neuroscience2 Fichas sobre Research Methods, creado por Eleanor McShane el 30/05/2016.
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- Eleanor McShane
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