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Chapter 7: Learning
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- 1LearningAcquisition of new knowledge, skills, or response from experience that results in a permanent change.
- 2HabituationRepeated or prolonged stimulus results in reduced response
- 3SensitizationA simple form of learning where presentation to a stimulus leads to increased response in later stimuli.
- 4Classical (Pavlonian Conditioning)When a neutral stimulus is paired with a stimulus that naturally creates a response.
In Pavlov's *Classical* experiment, he used an unconditioned stimulus (food) with an unconditioned response (salivating) then paired the conditioned stimulus (bell). Eventually, the CS would cause the CR (salivating without food) - 5AcquisitionThe phase in classical conditioning where CS and US are presented together
- 6Second Order ConditioningWhere a CS is paired with another CS (like color red with the bell).
- 7Extinction and Spontaneous RecoveryIf the CS is presented without the US, the CR may quickly die off or go extinct. However, given a rest period, the CR will spontaneously recover two or more times!
- 8GeneralizationThe CR is still seen even when the CS is slightly changed (getting a diff can opener).
- 9DiscriminationThe organism has the ability to differentiate between slightly diff CS, so the CR is diminished.
- 10Little AlbertAlbert was conditioned with white rats and loud noises (the US). When he saw white rats, he would then on be terrified.
- 11Basis of Classical ConditioningBehaviorists often thought that no higher thought was needed to explain this conditioning. However, classical conditioning is more complex and involves expectations and predictions. The cerebellum is important for eye blink conditioning, and amygdala with fear.
- 12BehaviorismScientists should only be concerned with observable behaviors.
- 13Operant/instrumental ConditioningA type of conditioning where consequences of an organisms behavior determine if it will be repeated in the future. Think of thorndikes box with the cat and lever. This was lots of trial and error.
- 14Law of EffectBehaviors that are rewarded with more satisfying things tend to be repeated.
- 15Operant behaviorBehavior that an organism produces that impacts the environment.
- 16BF SkinnerFamous behaviorist, wrote walden 2 about utopia, created operant conditioning box (skinner)
- 17Reinforcerany stimulus that will increase likelihood of a behavior.
- 18PunisherStimulus or event that decreases likelihood of behavior
- 19Positive reinforcementRewarding with like food
- 20Negative reinforcementTaking away an electric shock
- 21Positive punishmentGiving a shock
- 22Negative punishmentremove food
- 23Primary and secondary reinforcersSay money buys food which causes you happiness, so money is a secondary reinforcer.
- 24ShapingReinforcement of succesive simple steps in order to have a complex behavior.
- 25Delayed reinforcementSuper bad idea!! Won't work to reinforce the behavior, rats get confused.
- 26Fixed Interval, Variable Interval, Fixed Ratio, Variable RatioFI: rewards presented at fixed times if action is done
VI: behavior is reinforced based on average time since completion
FR: reward is given after action is done a certain # of times
VR: Reinforcement based on average number of responses - 27What is the best?VR > FR > VI > FI
- 28Intermittent ReinforcementWhen only some of the
responses made are followed by reinforcement; produce slightly higher rates of responding and are
more resistant to extinction (intermittent-reinforcement effect) - 29Behaviorism Key ConcpetsAn extreme emphasis on learning. The mind isn't really involved. Science = observable. No species difference.
- 30Why behaviorism can failThere is cross-species difference! additionally, not all behavior is learned (innate behaviors such as running from predators).
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- Psychology Fichas sobre Chapter 7: Learning, creado por Austin Mills el 10/10/2016.
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- Austin Mills
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