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Multi-Store Memory Model
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- 1Multi-Store Memory Model ~Sensory memory~Sensory memory is iconic or echoic. Iconic holds visual information for a second and echoic holds auditory information for 2 seconds.
When attention is paid to the information it passes to the short term memory. - 2Multi-Store Memory Model ~Short term memory~information in the short term memory needs to be rehearsed otherwise it may be displaced by other information.
The capacity of the short term memory is 7+-2 items.
Information is coded acoustically.
Information stays in here for 18 seconds and can be lost through decay and displacement.
It then passes to the long term memory. - 3Multi-Store Memory Model ~Long term memory~Information in the long term memory is coded semantically.
The information can be lost through interference with other memories and we may need to trigger the information to retrieve it.
Information can be transferred back to the short term memory through retrieval. - 4Multi-Store Memory Model ~Positive evaluation~-Jacobs (1887) found that on average people recalled 9.3 numbers and 7.3 letters on a memory test, showing that the capacity of the short term memory is 5-9 items.
-Glanzer and Cunitz (1966) found that words recalled at the beginning and end of a list were remembered most accurately, showing that there is a separate short term and long term memory store.
-Most research is high in internal validity because it is lab experiments which control extraneous variables.
-The case of Clive Wearing who damaged his long term memory but kept his short term memory supports the Multi-Store Memory Model. - 5Multi-Store Memory Model ~Negative evaluation~The model is too simple and does not take into account that there may be different types of short term and long term memory.
-Research lacks ecological validity as it is lab based, which does not reflect real-life situations.
-Case studies that support the theory lack generalisability because they are unique to one person.
-Information may still be forgotten even after it is rehearsed, which this model does not take into account. - 6Multi-Store Memory Model ~Coding~Baddeley (1966) aimed to explore the effects of acoustic and semantic coding in the short term memory.
Participants were made to recall sequences of words which were acoustically similar and dissimilar and semantically similar and dissimilar.
Participants had difficulty remembering acoustically similar words in short term memory but not in long term memory.
They had difficulty remembering semantically similar words in long term memory but not in short term memory.
He concluded that the short term memory relies on acoustic coding but the long term memory relies on semantic coding. - 7Multi-Store Memory Model ~Capacity~Jacobs (1887) aimed to measure the capacity of short term memory.
Participants were made to recall letters or numbers, each time with another digit being added to the list.
He found that people found it easier to recall numbers than letters.
Participants could recall 9.3 numbers but only 7.3 letters.
He concluded that short term memory has a capacity between 5 and 9 items.
Miller (1956) found that short term memory has a capacity of 7+-2 chunks of information. - 8Multi-Store Memory Model ~Duration of short term memory~Peterson and Peterson (1959) aimed to test the duration of short term memory.
Participants had to recall a nonsense trigram and a 3-digit number backwards and forwards with increasing intervals between each trial.
They found that 80% of items were recalled correctly when there was a 3 second interval.
10% of items were recalled correctly when there was an 18 second interval.
They concluded that when rehearsal is prevented, the short term memory has a duration of 20 seconds. - 9Multi-Store Memory Model ~Duration of long term memory~Bahrick et al (1975) aimed to test the duration of the long term memory.
392 graduates aged 17-74 had memory tests of people in their graduate class: photo recognition, free recall, photo recall and name recognition.
Participants were 90% correct on photo and name recognition 34 years after graduation.
They were 80% accurate on name recognition and 40% accurate on photo recognition after 48 years.
They were 60% accurate on free recall after 15 years but this dropped to less than 30% after 48 years.
They concluded people can remember certain types of information for almost a lifetime. - 10Coding, Capacity and Duration ~Positive evaluation~-High reliability because the research is all lab-based, which means the same controls can be used to replicate the study and obtain similar results.
- 11Coding, Capacity and Duration ~Negative evaluation~-Low ecological validity because the research is lab-based, meaning it does not reflect real-life situations.
-Participants may have suffered from demand characteristics as they may have figured out the aim of the study.
-Low temporal validity as these studies are all old.
-Research is based on limited samples, meaning it all has low generalisability.
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- AS level (Memory) Psychology Fichas sobre Multi-Store Memory Model, creado por Amy Woodward el 10/05/2017.
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- Amy Woodward · may 2017
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- 10 may 2017
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