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misleading information
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- 1What is misleading information?Incorrect information given to the eyewitness after the event which can unintentionally distort the memory of the original crime
- 2What are the two forms of post event information?Leading questions and post event discussion
- 3What was the aim of Loftus and Palmer's first experiment?To investigate whether post event information in the form of leading questions can lead to the eyewitness testimony being inaccurate
- 4What is the procedure of Loftus and Palmer's first study?A lab experiment was conducted in which 45 participants watched a film of a car accident. They were then put into 5 groups and asked 'how fast were the cars going when they smashed/collided/bumped/hit/contacted each other?', with the verb being changed for the 5 groups.
- 5What were the results of Loftus and Palmer's first study?Participants who were questioned with the verb 'smashed' estimated the speed of around 41 mph. The 'bumped' condition had an estimate speed of 38mph and 'contacted' was around 32mph.
- 6What was the conclusion of Loftus and Palmer's first study?Being exposed to misleading questions after the event has occurred can distort the witnesses' memory for that event
- 7What was the aim of Loftus and Palmer's second study?To investigate further whether post event information in the form of leading questions can lead to the eyewitness testimony being inaccurate
- 8What was the procedure of Loftus and Palmer's second study?150 participants were divided into 3 evenly sized groups and watched a one minute video of a car accident. One group was then asked 'how fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other', and another group was asked the same question but with the verb 'hit'. The control group weren't asked about the speed of the cars. One week later, the participants were asked 'did you see any broken glass'- there was no broken glass in the video.
- 9What were the results of Loftus and Palmer's second experiment?32% of the participants with the verb 'smashed' reported seeing broken glass, compared to 14% of participants with the verb 'hit' and 12% of the control group.
- 10What is the conclusion of Loftus and Palmer's second study?The participants who were questioned with earlier leading questions were more likely to report seeing broken glass. The verb 'smashed' has connotations of faster speeds and broken glass and this led to participants reporting something that wasn't actually there- their memories were distorted by the leading question
- 11What is post event discussion?Occurs when there is more than one witness to an event. Witnesses may discuss what they have seen with other witnesses which often lowers the accuracy of recall as they combine misinformation from others with their own memories
- 12What was the aim of Gabbert's study?To investigate the effect of post event discussion on the eye witness testimony.
- 13What is the procedure of Gabbert's study?pairs of participants watched a simulated crime video. They were told they were seeing the same footage but they were actually seeing it from different angles, so some information could be seen by one participant and not another e.g. the title of a book. Pairings in the experimental condition were allowed time to discuss before an individual test of recall, the control group went straight to the test.
- 14What were the results of Gabbert et al?71% of the experimental groups recalled information they had not seen, compared to 0% of the control group
- 15What is the conclusion of Gabbert's research?Witnesses will often go along with each other either to win social approval or as they believe the other eyewitness is right. This is known as memory conformity
- 16What is a strength of misleading information?The research is high in reliability. The research uses lab experiments and therefore has standardized procedures. Gabbert conducted a study in which paired participants watched a simulated crime video from different angles and one group discussed what they saw. 71% of the experimental group recalled information that they didn't see compared to 0% of the control group, showing that post event discussion distorted the participants' memories. This means that the research is replicable. Results have been shown to be consistent, and we can therefore reliably conclude that misleading information distorts the eyewitness testimony
- 17What is another strength of misleading information?The research has practical applications. This is because it has been used to warn justice systems of problems with relying on the eyewitness testimony. Research in this area led to the development of the cognitive interview, which is now widely used by police officers to reduce the negative effects of misleading information on eyewitness by eliminating leading questions. This means the research can be praised since it has been used to improve the justice system and reduce wrongful convictions.
- 18What is a weakness of misleading information?Lab experiments are low in ecological validity. This is because the situation of watching a video clip of a crime is artificial and not the same as witnessing an actual crime. For example, in real life you may remember more details such as number plates as you know it's real. This means the finding that misleading information distorts EWT may not be generalisable to real life crimes.
- 19What is another weakness of misleading information?There are contradictory findings from real life evidence. Yuille and Cutshall investigated witnesses from a real life Canadian armed robbery. 4 months after the event, witnesses were asked to recall details of the event, however, the researchers included 2 leading questions. All eyewitnesses were accurate, with none of the original eyewitnesses being influenced by misleading information, with none of the original eyewitnesses being influenced by the misleading information. This means the leading questions may have less influence on real life eyewitnesses than artificial psychology experiments
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- GCSE Psychology Fichas sobre misleading information, creado por Emily Mawson el 02/09/2020.
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- Emily Mawson
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