Fichas
Attachments - psychology
Fichas del conjunto (38)
- 1define attachmentan emotional bond between two people in which each seeks closeness and feels more secure in the presence of the attachment figure
- 2Outline learning theorylearning through association
both classical and operant conditioning
Dollard and Miller
UCS, UCR, CS, CR
Pavlov's dogs
learning through positive and negative reinforcements - 3evaluate learning theoryShaffer and Emmerson - 60 babies in Glasgow - not attached to feeder
Harlow's monkeys - comfort over food
Adequate explanation of how attachments form - 4Outline Bowlby's evolutionary theoryAttachment is adaptive
Innate drive to form attachments
Sensitive period
Secure base
Internal working model
Monotropy
Continuity hypothesis
Social releasers - 5Evaluate BowlbyLorenz-goslings-imprininting is innate
Universality
Tronik-Efe-looked after by lots of people and still only formed one attachment
Temperament hypothesis - 6Outline Ainsworth's Strange Situation1. mom and child enter
2. child plays with toys
3. stranger enters and talks to mom
4. mom leaves and stranger interacts with child
5. mom returns and greets child
6. stranger and mom leave
7. stranger enters and offers comfort
8. mom returns and comforts child - 7Secure attachmenthigh willingness to explore
high stranger anxiety
easy to soothe after separation anxiety
enthusiastic reunion behaviour
66% in category - 8insecure avoidanthigh willingness to explore
low stranger anxiety
indifferent after separation anxiety
avoids contact on reunion behaviour
22% in category - 9insecure resistantlow willingness to explore
high stranger anxiety
distressed when separation anxiety
seek and reject on reunion
12% in category - 10strange situation classification106 USA middle class infants
experimental procedure
3 attachment types
result of early interactions with mom
biased
lacks validity
child put under stress - unethical - 11evaluate AinsworthSolomon - disinhibited/disorganised attachment type
Hazan and Shaver love quiz - supports IWM
Moms sensitivity - more sensitive if the child is easier
Different behaviours displayed between the mom and dad - 12collectivist culturesmore social
interpersonal development of infants
group effort and cooperation - 13individualist culturesantisocial
initiative
personal achievement - 14Cross cultural similaritiesUganda study - 26 infants and moms - mom more sensitive with securely attached infants
Efe - looked after by lots of people and showed one attachment
Kibbutz - metapelet - 1-2 hours with parents - strange situation-more attached to mom on reunion behaviour - 15Cross cultural differencesTakahashi - 60 middle class Japanese infants - similar proportions of secure and insecure between Japan and US - 90% of the studies had to be stopped due to extreme stress
Grossman - Germans usually classed as insecure - differences in child rearing - don't show proximity seeking behaviours - 16evaluation of cross cultural variationsethnocentric bias
Rothbaum - other countries view different behaviours as securely attached
Kroonberg - greater variation within a culture rather than between them - 17Define disruptionDisruption is when the forming of attachments is interrupted
- 18John study - disruptionResidential nursery
Father visited regularly
Seeked comfort from teddy
Refuses food and drink
Doesn't get attention from carers
Cries
Doesn't talk to father
Struggles to get away from mom on reunion
Anger towards mom for months after - 19Laura study - disruptionHospital
Wants to go home
visited occasionally by parents
struggles to control her feelings - 20Jane, Lucy, Thomas and Kate - disruptionfoster care
father visits
visits mom in hospital
similar routine to home
reluctant to part with foster mom
good reunion behaviour - 21Define privationWhen there is a failure to form an attachment
- 22Hodges and Tizard - privation65 British children
Institutionalised before 4 months old - before attachments form
Caregivers not allowed to form attachments
70% not able to care deeply for anyone
Less likely to form attachments when reunited with real mother
Those adopted had normal attachments
Both groups had problems with peers
Disorganised attachment - same treatment between friends and strangers - attention seeking - 23Rutter et al - Romanian orphanages100 orphans
assessed at 4, 6, 11 years old
Those adopted before 6 months had normal emotional development
Those adopted after 6 months were disorganised - 24GenieLocked away until 13 1/2
Couldn't stand or talk
Never recovered
Emotional privation - 25Deprivation dwarfism - lack of emotional careGardener - infant fed by tube - mom too scared to cuddle
Good attention in hospital and child returned to normal development
Emotional disturbance may affect hormone production - 26evaluation of privationPrivation is only one factor
Followed by poor subsequent care
Assumption that attachments aren't formed
Attrition - 27Define daycareDaycare is a form of temporary care not given by a family member and is usually outside the home
- 28outline NICHD - daycare AggressionLongitudinal study
1000 children from diverse families across 10 locations in America
At age 5 - more time in day care means more assertive and disobedient
3 times more likely to have behaviour issues - 29evaluate NICHD - daycare aggressionother factors affecting aggression
83% who spent between 10-30 hours a week in day care didn't have behaviour problems
Mothers sensitivity a better indication
Correlation not causation - 30EPPE - daycare aggressionlongitudinal study
3000 children in day care between ages 3-7
The longer in day care the more antisocial behaviour
Impact reduced if high quality day care - 31EPPE aggression day care evaluationCorrelation not causation
Increased sociability in those in day care - 32Field - daycare - peer relationshipslongitudinal study
Amount of time in day care is positively correlated to the number of friends the child has - 33evaluating Field - daycare - peer relationsChildren in day care are exposed to social situations so obviously going to have more friends
Children who find day care upsetting are more likely to be looked after by parents so there would be a population of predominantly social and outgoing children in day care - 34day nurserieslarge numbers of children
inspected
qualified staff
aged 3-5 ratio of 1:8
aged 2-3 ratio of 1:4
aged under 2 ratio of 1:3 - 35child mindersnot qualified
max of 6 children
home environment
inspected by ofstead - 36mediating factors of day carequality of care
lack of commitment and interest
temperament
individual differences
personality type
age
number of hours - 37influence of attachment researchImproving quality - Soho Family Centre
Hospitals
Adoption - now adopted in first week
Quality of parenting - 38influence of day care researchhigh quality day care
good child to staff ratios
minimal staff turnover
qualified staff
Información
- Descripción
- A-Level Psychology Fichas sobre Attachments - psychology, creado por CharlieAmelia el 24/04/2015.
- Creado por
- CharlieAmelia · abr 2015
- Actualizado
- 6 abr 2018
- Visitas
- 5
- Valoración