Fichas
Respiratory System
Fichas del conjunto (41)
- 13 processes for respiration1. Ventilation: movement of air into and out of lungs
2. external respiration: gas exchange between air in lungs and blood (CO2 and O2)
3. Internal respiration: G as exchange between blood and tissues (O2 CO2 and other waste products) - 2Structural Parts (2)1. Upper respiratory system: nose, nasal cavity, and pharynx
2. Lower respiratory system: larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs - 3Functional Parts (2)1. Conducting Zones: Tubes and cavities that just carry the air to the alveoli in the respiratory zone )not actually involved in gas exchange)
2.Respiratory zones: areas where gas exchange occurs; bronchioles, alveoli, alveolar sacs and lungs - 4Internal nose structure functions1. Moisten , warm, and filter the air
2. Detect olfactory stimuli
3. Modify voice vibrations as it passes through the resonating chambers (paranasal sinuses) - 53 Main regions of the nose1. Vestibule: area just inside the nostrils, surrounded by cartilage, contains hairs that capture dust particles
Nasal cavity regions:
1. Respiratory region: large inferior region that is lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
2. Olfactory region: small superior portion that's lined with olfactory epithelium for the sense of smell - 6Paranasal sinusesResonating chambers that lighten the skull and resonate speech
- 7Nasal cavity epitheliumPseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells
-Goblet cells release mucous to moisten the air and structures
- protects and captured foreign materials like dust particles
-cilia help to push the mucous towards the pharynx
- very vascular region; the blood helps to warm the air - 8Pharynx13 cm long skeletal muscle tube that's lined with a mucous membrane
Extends from the choanae to the esophagus
Its the passageway for air and food and is divided into 2 regions
1. Nasopharynx
2. Oropharynx
3.Laryngopharynx
Resonance chamber for voice production and it contains the tonsils (immune function) - 9NasopharynxLies inferior to the choanae and superior to the soft palate
Passageway for air ONLY
Lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium - 10OropharynxExtends from the soft palate to the epiglottis
Lined with stratified squamous epithelium (protects)
Passageway for both food and air - 11LaryngopharynxExtends from the epiglottis to the esophagus
Passageway for food and air
Lined with stratified squamous epithelium - 12Larynx (voice box)Small tube that connect the laryngopharynx to the trachea
Its is made up of 9 pieces of cartilage of which 3 are unpaired and 6 are paired
3 unpaired: thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, and epiglottis
6 Paired: arytenoid cartilage, corniculate cartilage, and cuneiform cartilage - 13Thyroid cartilageAKA Adams apple
larger in males
made up of 2 hyline cartilage pieces - 14Cricoid cartilageRing of hyline cartilage that sits on top of the trachea
- 15EpiglottisElastic cartilage that will close over the trachea when food passes through the pharynx
Leaf like shape - 16Arytenoid CartilagePaired hyline cartilage that is responsible for change sin the position and tension of vocal cords
- 17Corniculate CartilageSmall hornlike pieces of elastic cartilage that sits on top of the arytenoid cartilage
- 18Cuneiform cartilageElastic cartilage that supports the vocal folds and lateral aspects of the epiglottis
Embedded within the mucus membrane - 19Membrane vocal foldsLined in nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
The mucus membrane of the larynx forms two paired folds
1. Vestibular folds (false vocal cords)
2. Vocal folds (true vocal cords)
The vestibular will not actually change in shape to cause sound waves (dont function is voice production) but the vocal folds are attached to the arytenoid cartilage and the movement of this cartilage will cause changes in the shape and tension which allows for sound wave production as air moves through - 20Vestibular foldsNot involved in voice production- false vocal cords
But when they come together, they function in holding the breath against the pressure in the thoracic cavity
Ex. When a person holds their breath when lifting weights - 21Vocal foldsAre the true vocal cords that are primarily involve din voice production
In order to create sound you want to adduct or move together the vocal folds
when your breathing the vocal folds will be abducted - 22Tension of vocal foldsRelated of pitch of the sound
Increases tension increases pitch - 23Pressure of air and vocal foldsRelated to volume of the sound
The greater the pressure the louder the sound - 24Trachea (windpipe)A 12 cm long tube that extends from the larynx to T5 here it branches off into the right and left primary bronchi
Its made of up 16-20 C-shaped rings of hyline cartilage (surrounded by dense connective tissue and smooth muscle)
The actual C-shaped cartilage at the anterior side prevents the trachea from collapsing especially during inhalation - 25Trachealis musclethe open portion of the C-shaped cartilage faces the posterior towards the esophagus
The elastic membrane and the trachealis muscle that is against the esophagus accommodates for the food that passes through the esophagus - 26Branching of bronchial treeTrachea
Main bronchi
Lobar bronchi
Segmental bronchi
Bronchioles
terminal bronchioles
As they decrease in size they increase in number
These are all in the conducting zone where there is no gas exchange
Where the terminal bronchioles end is where the respiratory zone begins
The cartilage of the branches changes as we move down:
As we move down the tree, we get a loss of cartilage which is replaced by smooth muscle
This is important because with smooth muscle we can control the amount of air that goes into and out the gas exchange areas of the lungs
Ex. vasodilation and vasoconstriction - 27CarinaPortion of the cartilage that allows for the trachea to separate into left and right primary bronchi in each lung
The carina is very sensitive to irritants so if particles get there it will initiate a cough reflex - 28Epithelium of tracheaPseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
with goblet cells
the cilia moves the mucus up towards the pharynx - 29Lungs AnatomyApex: Located at the top (pointy)
Base: at the bottom, sits on the diaphragm
Hilum: AKA root of the lung, its located on the medial surface and its where all of the bronchi and blood vessels enter the lungs
Right lung: 3 lobes; the horizontal fissure separates the superior lobe from the middle lobe and the oblique fissure separates the middle lobe from the inferior lobe
left lung: 2 lobes; oblique fissure separates the inferior lobe from superior
Cardiac Notch: indent in the left lung that accommodates the heart - 30Serous membranes of the lungParietal Pleura: tightly adheres to the thoracic cavity
Visceral Pleura: tightly adheres to the lungs
Serous cavity: containing serous fluid which 1.reduces friction and 2.holds the visceral and parietal pleura together
Like water drop between two glass pieces - 31Microscopic air waysAfter the terminal bronchioles respiratory zones begin
where you have the most alveoli is where gas exchange occurs (alveolar sac)
Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar Ducts
Alveolar Sac
Alveoli
Elastic fibers surround the alveoli which allow for expansion - 32Alveolar cells3 Types of cells in the alveolar wall
Type I Alveolar cell: simple squamous epithelial cell
Type II alveolar cell (septal): more round, secretes alveolar fluid and lines the lumen
Alveolar macrophages: not actually in the wall, they move around to collect dust and debris for protection/reducing damage - 33Alveolar Respiratory membraneO2 and CO2 have to move to several layers for gas exchange between RBC and alveoli
O2 will move through the alveolar fluid, type I alveolar cell, epithelial basement membrane, interstitial fluid, capillary basement membrane, capillary endothelial, RBC - 34SurfactantIn alveolar fluid and is responsible for reducing surface tension between a solid and liquid
- 354 Factors of diffusion across respiratory membranethe diffusion of gas across the respiratory membrane depends on 4 factors
1.Membrane thickness: very thin so this isn't a huge problem in healthy individuals however if someone is sick the alveolar fluid layer can be thicker which makes diffusion harder
2. Diffusion coefficient of gas: measure of how easily gas moves through liquid or tissues (CO2 is 20x more fusible than O2-depends on size)
3. Surface area: the more SA, the more ability for gas exchange to occur- can change with age but not a huge problem in healthy people
4. Partial pressure differences: Gas will move from and area of high PP to an area of low PP - 36Daltons LawStates that each gas in a mixture exerts its own pressure regardless of the other gases present
The total pressure is the sum of all individual pressures
Ex. atmospheric pressure is equal to O2, CO2, N2 and H2O partial pressures =760 mmHg - 37Percent of gases in airCO2: 0.04%
O2: 20.9%
N2: 78.6%
H20: 0.3%
Nitrogen> Oxygen> Water> Carbon dioxide - 38Henrys LawStates that the concentration of gas in a liquid depends on the partial pressure and solubility coefficient
[Gas]= P x Solubility coefficient
-CO2 is 24x more soluble than O2
-N2 has a very low solubility (even though its highest at sea level) which is why it normally does not diffuse into blood - 39Instance where N2 diffuses into bloodDeep Diving
-leads to decompression sickness
-the deeper you go, the greater pressure you will have over you which forces N2 to diffuse into the blood
-When you come back up it can create N2 bubbles in the blood or tissue (dangerous) - 40Transport of O2 and CO2 in bloodO2 has 2 modes of transport:
-Dissolved: 1.5%
-RBC Hemoglobin bound: 98.5%
CO2 has 3 modes of transport:
-dissolved: 7%
-RBC hemoglobin: 23%
-bcarbonate (buffer system): 70% - 41Boyles LawAs volume decreases pressure increases
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- Year 1 Semester 2 Fichas sobre Respiratory System , creado por Raeesa Zulfiqar el 15/04/2017.
- Creado por
- Raeesa Zulfiqar · abr 2017
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- 25 abr 2017
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