Childhood

Childhood

1. Parent-Child relationship

   • A01
     • SHAVER- romantic love in adult determined by 3 behavioural systems from childhood
       • ATTACHMENT- internal working model- blueprint of later relationships
       • CAREGIVING- how to care, learned by primary attachment figure
       • SEXUALITY- if insecure avoidant, more likely to have view sex without love is pleasure
     • SPRINGER- physical abuse as child causes negative effects on adults psychological functioning. increased depression anger and anxiety
     • Sexual abuse in childhood associated with psychological impairment as adult. difficulty forming adult relationships
     • ALPERT- people who experience sexual and physical abuse develop damaged ability to trust people and feel isolated. inhibits development of romantic relationships in adulthood
     • VAN DER KOLK AND FISLER- in abused in childhood, more likely to form disorganised attachments, and difficulty to regulate emotions
   • A02
     • Support...
       • FRALEY- meta analysis. correlations of 0.1-0.5 between early attachment type and later relationships. suggests low correlations as anxious ambivalent types are unstable
       • SIMPSON- longitudinal study of 25years, found emotions in adult relationship can be related back to persons attachment experiences in social development
       • HARLOW- rhesus monkeys, childhood experiences, inadequate peer contact, bad social skills, inadequate adult relationships
       • ANDERSON- abused children have difficulty developing adult relationships. show negative reactions if see those who reminded them of abusing parent. innapropriate behaviours
     • However...
       • Attachment type may be determined by current relationship. married couples are securely attached. relationship experience may alter this. break ups associated with shift from secure to insecure

2. Interactions with peers

   • A01
     • QUALTER AND MUNN- Children learn from experiences with other children, determining adult relationships
     • NANGLE- childrens friendships are training grounds for important adult relationships
     • Romantic relationships in adolescents help direct interpersonal energy from parents to romantic partner. allows adolescents to experience emotional and physical intimacy
     • MADSEN- found moderate or low dating frequency in adolescence, predicted higher quality young adult relationships
   • A02
     • Support...
       • ERWIN- sex differenced have been over emphasised, many similarities in male n females.
     • However...
       • HAYNIE- romantic involvement increased deviance in adolescence by 35%
       • NEEMANN- negative effects on academic achievements
       • ROISMAN- no effect of romantic experiences at age 20 on those aged 30. no consistent evidence adolescence is the bulding blocks of adult relationships.

3. A03

   • ANIMAL STUDIES- Harlows monkeys, were bio and cognitively more advanced
   • SOCIALLY SENSITIVE- may not want to discuss childhood abusive events
   • GENDER BIAS- girls have more intimate friendships thanks boys. Boys more competitive. Girls more sharing and caring