MEMORY

MEMORY

1. MODELS OF MEMORY

   • MULTI-STORE MODEL (MSM)
     • EVALUATION
       • WEAKNESSES
         • LTM IS NOT A UNITARY UNIT:E.G. SEMANTIC, EPISODIC, PROCEDURAL
         • KF CASE STUDY- SHORT TERM MEMORY IS ABNORMAL AND LONG TERM MEMORY IS NORMAL
         • OVERSIMPLIFIED STRUCTURE AND PROCESS- ESPECIALLY THE STM
       • STRENGTHS
         • PETERSON AND PETERSON , BAHRICK ET AL
         • CASE STUDY OF HM
         • EVIDENCE FOR THE 3 STORES IS -GLANZER AND CUNITZ, SQUIRE ET AL
     • SHORT TERM MEMORY (STM)
       • DURATION OF MEMORY IS UP TO 30 SECONDS
       • STM HAS A CAPACITY OF 7 + OR - 2
         • MILLER'S STUDY
       • INFORMATION IS ENCODED EITHER VISUALLY OR SEMANTICALLY
     • LONG TERM MEMORY (LTM)
       • POTENTIALLY UNLIMITED CAPACITY AND DURATION
       • MEMORY IS ENCODED SEMANTICALLY
     • DEVELOPED BY ATKINSON AND SHRIFFIN IN 1968
     • SENSORY MEMORY
       • TAKES IN INFORMATION FROM ENVIRONMENTAL STIMULI
       • VERY LARGE CAPACITY
       • EVIDENCE FROM SPERLING
   • THE WORKING MEMORY MODEL (WMM)
     • DEVELOPED BY BADDELEY AND HITCH IN 1974
     • CENTRAL EXECUTIVE
       • DIRECT ATTENTION TO TASKS
       • ALLOCATION OF RESOURCES-THE 3 SLAVE SYSTEMS
       • INFORMATION ARRIVES FROM THE SENSES OR FROM THE LTM
       • VERY LIMITED CAPACITY
     • PHONOLOGICAL LOOP
       • DEALS WITH AUDITORY INFORMATION
       • PHONOLOGICAL STORE
         • SUBDIVIDED BY BADDELEY IN 1986
         • INNER EAR-HOLDS THE WORDS YOU HEAR
         • HAS LIMITED CAPACITY
       • ARTICULATORY PROCESS
         • INNER VOICE- THE WORDS YOU HEAR ARE SILENTLY REPEATED
           • A FORM OF MAINTENANCE REHEARSAL
     • VISUO-SPATIAL SKETCHPAD
       • USED WHEN YOU HAVE TO PLAN A SPATIAL TASK
       • INNER SCRIBE
         • DEALS WITH SPATIAL RELATIONS
       • VISUAL CACHE-STORE
     • EPISODIC BUFFER
       • ADDED BY BADDELEY IN 2000 BECAUSE HE REALISED THAT THE MODEL NEEDED A GENERAL STORE
       • LIMITED CAPACITY
       • DEALS WITH INFORMATION THAT IS BOTH ACOUSTIC AND VISUAL
       • INTEGRATES INFORMATION FROM ALL STORES
     • EVALUATION
       • STRENGTHS
         • BUNGE ET AL-CENTRAL EXECUTIVE IS MORE ACTIVE WHEN DOING 2 TASKS
         • EXPLANATORY POWER- THIS MODEL EXPLAINS THE CASE STUDIES OF KF AND SC
         • EXPLAINS WORD LENGTH EFFECT
         • EMPHASISES PROCESS RATHER THAN STRUCTURE -COMPARED TO THE MSM
         • EXPERIMENTS DONE IN LABS
       • WEAKNESSES
         • THE CENTRAL EXECUTIVE IS ACTUALLY PROBABLY SEVERAL COMPONENTS RATHER THAN JUST A UNITARY SORE
         • CASE STUDIES OF KF AND SC- COMPARISONS OF BEFORE AND AFTER CAN NOT BE DONE AS WE DO NOT KNOW IF THE DAMAGE IS DONE FROM THE SURGERY
         • EXPERIMENTS DONE IN LABS

2. EYEWITNESS TESTIMONY

   • MISLEADING INFORMATION
     • DEVELOPED BY LOFTUS AND PALMER IN 1974
     • EXPERIMENT 1= HIT/CONTACTED, EXPERIMENT 2 = BROKEN GLASS
     • EVALUATION
       • STRENGTHS
         • LAB EXPERIMENTS-EXTRANEOUS VARIABLES
         • LOFTUS ET AL- STOP/YIELD EXPERIMENT
       • WEAKNESSES
         • LAB EXPERIMENT-LACKING ECOLOGICAL VALIDITY
         • CHALLENGED BY BEKERIAN AND BOWERS' STUDIES
         • INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
         • FOSTER ET AL.-BETTER IDENTIFICATION WITH REAL LIFE SET UP
   • FACTORS THAT EFFECT ACCURACY
     • ANXIETY
       • DEFFENBACHER ET AL. - ANXIETY REDUCED ACCURACY
       • CHRISTIANSON AND HUBINETTE 1993- EMOTIONAL ANXIETY INCREASED ACCURACY OF RECALL
         • REAL LIFE BANK ROBBERIES
       • JOHNSON AND SCOTT-WEAPON FOCUS EFFECT
     • AGE
       • PARKER AND CARRANZA
         • CHILDREN MAKE MORE ERRORS
       • YARMEY
         • YOUNGER PEOPLE ARE MORE CONFIDENT BUT THERE ARE NO AGE DIFFERENCES.
       • MEMON ET AL
         • OLDER LESS ACCURATE WHEN DELAY WAS ONE WEEK
       • EVALUATION
         • OWN AGE BIAS -ANASTASI AND RHODES
         • ALCOHOL UPTAKE?-IMPAIRS ATTENTION-CLIFASEFI ET AL.
   • COGNITIVE INTERVIEW (CI)
     • 4 STAGES-REPORT EVERYTHING, MENTAL REINSTATEMENT, CHANGE ORDER CHANGE PERSPECTIVE.
     • DEVELOPED BY FISHER AND GEISELMAN.
     • EVALUATION
       • STRENGTHS
         • MILNE AND BULL- MENTAL REINSTATEMENT AND REPORT EVERYTHING GAVE BEST RECALL
         • ENHANCED CI CREATES GREATER DEMAND ON INTERVIEWS
         • 34% INCREASE IN CORRECT RECALL-KOHNKEN ET AL
       • LIMITATIONS
         • TIME CONSUMING
         • INTERVIEWERS MUST BE TRAINED
         • HARD TO EVALUATE BECAUSE THERE ARE MANY VERSIONS OF CI

3. STRATEGIES FOR MEMORY IMPROVEMENT

   • MNEMONIC TECHNIQUES
     • VERBAL
       • ACRONYMS, CHUNKING, ACROSTICS ,RHYMES
       • GLIDDEN ET AL.
     • VISUAL IMAGERY
       • METHOD OF LOCI, MIND MAPPING,KEYWORD METHOD
       • O'HERA ET AL.
   • HOW THEY WORK
     • DUAL CODING HYPOTHESIS-PAIVIO
     • ORGANISATION-BOWER ET AL.
   • LIMITATION
     • SLAVIN-MOST RESEARCH IS DONE IN LAB CONDIONS