Migration

Migration

1. The importance of funerals

   • Who does the body belong to? 
   • Culture and tradition
   • Religion

2. From rural to Urban Migrants

   • The demographic change
   • Fluid

3. Causes of migration

   • Satisfying their needs through migration weather it is for survival or just or a better life 
   • PUSH FACTORS :  Food insecurity  ecological  Land Shortage  Low income Political or religious oppression  
   • PULL FACTORS:  proximity to markets  new opportunities 
   • Agriculture migration
     • Male dominated 
   • Seasonal
   • Voluntary vs Involuntary

4. Generational changes and relationship

5. Transnational

6. Who dictates practice? e.g. Ebola

7. Mobility

8. The social organization of migration

   • Temp vs Perm

9. COLONIALISM

   • Introduction to head tax
     • People migrating to the city to be able to pay taxes and some migrated to avoid paying tax altogether  It enhanced migration 

10. ETHNOGRAPHY - Lagos

    • The growth of WA urban cities since 1960s
      • This has an impact on gender across the rural areas and cities  Women are left behind 
    • Lagos
      • Friction zones 
    • self-organization

11. The role of the ECOWAS (formed in 1975)

    • The Economic Community Of West African States  to promote economical intergration 

12. Wiesner 1972

    • Family and households are not the same although they are often treated the same 
    • Growth of women lead households & polygomy
      • one family - two households (geographically) Family or household obligations rather than individual economic decisions 

13. environmental factors

14. Hart 1971 on urban-rural connections

    • the world of the migrant and that of his homeland are no longer seperate entities

15. Inclusion & Exclusion

    • Erving goffman - impression management  the succesful staging of a character  social life as a social stage 
    • The politics of belonging
      • affirmation - people no longer saw themselves as part of a national identity/ citizens  using the formation of groups to demonise the 'other'  (divide and conquer) 
      • Home vs host land
        • Home as a place that you can escape from, but can than come back to for protection from discrimination and violence 
        • The definition of 'home'
          • the notion of 'home'  feher and heller - house rules  the new comers seeking to home-build but must acknowledge the already established house rules pf the area/ country and in order for them to feel at home... negotiations with neighbours are vital and can be problematic 
          • the notion of place-making  reshaping neighbourhoods to best suit and meet their needs and values.  a result of ethnic-clustering  in a position to reshaping the urban space. 
          • Local vs Global
          • Keeping ties with home to ensure land security upon retirement
      • Tradition vs Modernity
        • Rangers invention of tradition in British colonial rule  Ranger did not agree with using the term ‘invention’ as he saw this as disregarding Africans intelligence and seeing them as mere ‘gullible subjects’ taking away all agency from the people
      • who are most vulnerable? those who leave or are left?
    • society is hetrogeneous
    • groups were a lot more fluid pre colonial times
      • the making of the different groups by the colonisers to better understand the people and for their administration to work easier 
      • however, according to Fardon we should not over emphasis colonialism as it was such a short period in time - perspective 
    • ethnic groups
      • A form of control  Amselle - them attempting to terroterize the continent which was then taken over by the people 
      • BART
        • moves away from ethnicites being bounded to a more fluid approach and one that sees it as a process of inclusion and exclusion (relational)
      • SPEAR
        • It is not the ethnic groups that are new, but the hardneing of them that have resulted in tragic political discourse 
      • Fardon - African Ethnogenisis
        • in order to describe we catorgrize which then creates boundaries  Traditional ethnicity is relatively reactive to events where modern ethnicity is relatively un-reactive to events.
        • community formation
      • National Identity
      • ethnic mobilization
        • usually a reaction to the social, cultural and political exclusion by minority groups  may be important for the incorporation of minorities into citizenship 
        • concentrated areas  no clear boundaries  a feeling of common ethnic belonging may transcend locality 
      • ethnicity is elastic

16. Lagos - 7th fastest growing city in the World

17. social and political mobilization