Memory

Memory

1. Retrieval; Locating and recovering the stored information from memory so that are consciously.

2. Atkinson-Shiffrin Multi-Store Model;

   • Sensory Register; Entry point for all new information from the external environment. Stores incoming visual information for up to several hundred milliseconds.
   • Short-term Store; Manipulate information that is held to perform everyday functions. Limited capacity, lost after 30 seconds unless a conscious effort is made to keep it there longer.
   • Long-Term Store; Relatively permanently in a highly organised way, essentially unlimited capacity.

3. Short-Term Memory (STM); Limited capacity. Information no longer an exact replica of the sensory stimulus but an encoding of one.

   • Duration of STM;After 12seconds recall starts to decline. After 18seconds information is lost unless renewed.
   • Echoic Memory; Incoming auditory information, speech, barking, siren. Storing sounds for three or four seconds.
   • Iconic Memory; Incoming visual information, one-third of a second, just long enough to recognise and process the sensory information.
   • Sensory Memory; Thousands of sights, sounds, smells. Entry point of memory where new incoming sensory information is stored for very brief period of time.

4. Maintenance Rehearsal; Involves repeating the information being remembered over and over, so it can be retained.

5. Working Memory; Active part of memory where information we are consciously aware of its actively 'worked on'.

6. Chunking; Grouping or packing of separate bits of information into larger single units of information.

7. Elaborative Rehearsal; Linking new information in a meaningful way to other new information already stored in LTM to aid in storage and retrieval.

8. Craik&Lockhart's levels of processing; Depth of which we process information during learning, determining how well it is stored in LTM. Continuum ranging from shallow to deep.

9. Baddeley&Hitch's working memory;

   • Phonological Loop; Limited amount of verbal speech like information.
   • Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad; Temporarily stores visualised images.
   • Central Executive;Controls attention and integrates information. Coordinates information.
   • Episodic Buffer; Sub-system, enables different components of working memory to interact with LTM.

10. Long-Term Memory; Relatively permanent memory system that holds vast amounts of information for a long time. 'Inactive' untill retrieved.

    • Retrieval Cues; Specific information relevant to the cue (song) is retrieved.
    • Procedural Memory; Actions and skills learned previously "how to do something"
    • Declarative Memory; specific facts or events that can be 'declared'.
    • Episodic Memory; Specific events or personal experiences.
    • Semantic Memory; Information about the world, specialised knowledge in areas.

11. Semantic Network Theory; Information systematically organised in over lapping networks, interconnected and interrelated.

12. Serial Position Effect; Free recall better remembered at the beginning and end of the list.

    • Primacy Effect; Beginning.
    • Recency Effect; End.