retrieval

retrieval

1. the testing effect

   • retrieval of information facilitates the long-term retention of that information

2. encoding specificity principle

   • the principle that retrieval of memory is optimal when the retrieval conditions (such as context or cues) duplicate the conditions that were present when the memory was formed
     • Endel Tulving
     • example: studying in the same room as an exam is taken and the recall of information when intoxicated being easier when intoxicated again

3. context dependency effects

   • improved recall when the context during encoding is the same as the context during retrieval
     • example: when an event is stored in one's memory, contextual information surrounding the event is stored too

4. state dependent retrieval

   • improved recall of specific episodes or information when cues relating to emotional and physical state are the same during encoding and retrieval

5. mood congruence

   • consistency between one's mood state and the emotional context of memories recalled -- during positive mood states, individuals will tend to retrieve pleasant memories, whereas during negative mood states, negative thoughts and associations will more likely come to mind