Cognitive psychology studies

Cognitive psychology studies

1. MSM, Atkinson & Sheriff, 1968

   • Strengths
     • Easy to understand
     • Explains why we can't remember everything
     • Supported by research
     • Very useful for understanding memory and has led to further research
     • Supported by studies of amnesiacs
   • Weaknesses
     • Not much detail
     • Reductionism
     • Doesn't explain why some have better memories than other
     • Doesn't explain elements of model
     • Ignores roles of neurons
     • Suggests rehearsal is vital but it isn't
     • Model needs to be split up into further sub categories (eg. phonological loop)
   • Supported by:
     • Glanzer & Cunitz
     • Craik
       • Levels of processing
         • Structural
         • visual
           • information is emore likely to be recalled based on how well we understand it
             • As opposed to the primacy and recency effect
         • semantic
     • Scoville & Milner
   • Undermined by:
     • Shallice & Warrington
     • Baddely & Hitch (WMM)

2. WMM Baddely and Hitch

   • Strengths
     • detailed
     • offers explanations for learning impairments
       • dyslexia
         • shorter memory span
         • impaired phonological loop
       • development of reading and language
     • explains processing and storage
     • P.E.T scans shows different areas of the brain to be active for verbal and visual tasks
     • much more plausible than the MSM
   • Weaknesses
     • Central Executive
       • capacity has not been / cant be measured
       • least is known about the most important part of the model
       • actual role is unknown
     • not a comprehensive model of memory
     • The model places importance on the VSP but blind people have excellent spatial awareness.
     • Reductionist ( <-- blind people)
   • Phonological Loop
     • Phonological Store: inner ear
     • Articulatory Process: inner voice
   • Builds on Short term memory
   • supported by:
     • KF
       • Motorcycle accident damaging STM. verbal impairment but normal visual memory
     • Gathercole and Baddely:
       • Dual tasks
         • visuo spatial / visuo spatial
         • vs
         • visuo spatial / verbal which was found much harder
     • Paulescu et al
       • PET scans for verbal or visual tasks

3. LTM, Tulving, 1972

   • Weaknesses
   • Undermined by:
   • Supported by:
     • Clive wearing
       • Total amnesia: retrograde AND anterograde
       • 7 - 30 seconds of memory
       • Procedural = yes
       • Declaritive = no
     • Dr S
       • Declaritive: episodic= no semantic= yes
     • brain scans
   • Strengths
     • different stores within LTM expand on the MSM, adding depth/detail
     • amnesiac patients usually show a difference in ability to recall from procedural or declaritive memory, showing they are seperate.
       • brain
     • Brain mapping has shown these to be located in different areas of the brain.
   • (knowing what vs knowing how)

4. Reconstructive Memory

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