Smoking

Smoking

1. BIOLOGICAL

   • Lack reward gene,low dopa.
     • Nicotine ^ dopamine ➡️ ☺️
       • No reward gene = ^vuln to addiction.nic compensates for deficiency
         • Ritalin to volunteers-if ✅ person had ⬇️ Dopamine * some ^ vuln to addiction
   • Chemical addiction(❌ is unpleasant) only way = normal (
     • Stopping➡️Withdrawals :.
       • + practical applications (nicotine patches). % reductionist...not biological alone
         • Low nicotine

2. LEARNING

   • SLT-learn through
     • Vicarious reinforcement -see others ⭐️.motivated for future +s.
       • Research to support- 2X ^ likely to
   • O.C- -& + reinforcement
     • Baker-maint influenced by ⬇️ Of withdrawal symptoms.
   • Cue reactivity theory
     • Cues play important role in relapse &a impossible to avoid.

3. COGNITIVE

   • Beck et al-erroneous/irrational expectations has ^ influence than change itself.
     • :. Faulty expectations may motivate initiation.need to smoke to get through meeting.
       • Eiser- veterans transmit + expectations to novices(cool). * initiation occurs if person believes outcomes
   • Rational choice theory- individual engages in activity (weighing up +s and -s.smokers see+s/-s.
     • Believe costs of stopping > benefits. Want imidiate gratification.
       • Expectations ^ important than actual change.believe
         • 2007 legislation saw 1/4 of smokers in uk quit.-s/positives.supports rational consumers