Human Communication

Human Communication

1. Aphasias

   • Wernicke's
     • Symptoms
       • Meaningless Speech
       • Pure word deafness
         • Able to speak, hear, read & write but unable to understand meaning
         • Damage to Wernicke's or pathway from auditory cortex
       • Poor speech comprehension
       • Transcortical Sensory Aphasia
         • Difficulty understanding & producing meaningful spontaneous speech
           • Damage to posterior language area
         • Able to repeat speech
     • Temporal Lobe
       • Damage to Wernicke's & posterior language area
         • Word recognition
     • Conduction Aphasia
       • fluent speech, good comprehension, poor repetition
         • Damage to arcuate fasciculus
           • bundle of axons that connects Wernicke’s w Broca’s
   • Broca's
     • Symptoms
       • Agrammatism
         • Inability to speak in a grammatically correct fashion
           • Missing function words, only content words
       • Anomia
         • Problem w word finding/recall
       • Difficulty in speech articulation
     • Frontal Lobe
       • Damage to frontal association cortex (Broca's) & vicinity, basal ganglia's caudate nucleus
         • Speech production
     • Anomic Aphasia
       • fluent & grammatically correct speech but unable to find appropriate words
         • Coping mechanism: Circumlocutions (paraphrasing)
         • Damage to left parietal/temporal lobe
   • difficulty producing or comprehending speech that is not a result of deafness or a simple motor deficit caused
     • Left Hemisphere, Unilateral

2. Dyslexia

   • Surface Dyslexia
     • Deficit in whole-word reading
       • Reading by recognizing a word as a whole
         • Difficulty reading Kanji (pictograph)
           • Damage to VWFA (Fusiform Cortex)
   • Phonological Dyslexia
     • Deficit in phonological reading
       • "Sound reading"
         • Difficulty reading Kana (phonetics)
           • Damage to temporoparietal cortex & Broca's
   • Direct Dyslexia
     • Able to read aloud but unable to understand them
       • Damage to left frontal & temporal lobes
   • Developmental Dyslexia
     • Difficulty blending or rearranging the sounds of words that they hear
       • Poor spatial arrangement of letters & many spelling errors
         • Hereditary origin caused by prenatal/perinatal factors
       • left occipitotemporal & temporoparietal cortex & hyperactivation of Broca’s area

3. Pure Alexia

   • Loss of the ability to read without loss of the ability to write
     • Sometimes a.k.a Pure word blindness/Alexia w/o agraphia
       • Damage in the visual cortex of the left occipital lobe and the posterior end of the corpus callosum
         • Damage to Visual Word-Form Area (VWFA)
           • lesions that produce blindness in the right visual field and that destroy fibers of the posterior corpus callosum.

4. Dysgraphia

   • Phonological
     • writing disorder in which the person cannot sound out words and write them phonetically.
       • Damage to Broca's, Ventral precentral gyrus & insula
   • Orthographic
     • writing disorder in which the person can spell regularly spelled words but not irregularly spelled ones.
       • Damage to VWFA, base of temporal

5. Prosody

   • Right Hemisphere
     • The use of changes in intonation & emphasis to convey meaning in speech besides that specified by the particular words; an important means of communication of emotion

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