Types of Memory

Types of Memory

1. Sensory Register

   • Temporary Store with Limited Capacity

2. Short Term Memory

   • 7+/-2 Pieces of Information 18 second duration acoustically encoded
     • Peterson and Peterson
       • Duration of Short Term Memory: Trigram Study
         • After 3 seconds - 80% accurate After 18 seconds - 10% accurate

3. Long Term Memory

   • Unlimited Capacity and Duration Semantically encoded
     • Bahrick et al
       • Duration of Long Term Memory
         • Matching Name to Photo - 80% accurate Recalling name of photo - 40% accurate

4. Three Types of Mmeory

   • Episodic
     • Memory for Events
   • Semantic
     • Memory for Facts and Knowledge
   • Procedural
     • Memory for How to do Things
   • There may be a 4th kind of memeory
     • Priming
       • This describes how Implicit memories can affect a response to a stimulus

5. Multi-store Model

   • Atkinson and Shiffrin
     • • Milner and Scoville
         • HM Had his hippocampus removed which caused him to fail in forming new LTM
   • Too Simple - LTM More than just rehearsal
     • Craik and Lockhart
       • Things processed more deeply are more memorable
     • Loggie
       • STM Relies on LTM and therefore cannot come first

6. Working Memory Model

   • Baddeley and Hitch
     • • Shallice and Warrington
         • KF's visual stimuli was intact but lost his ability to recognise sounds, This shows damage to the Phonological loop
   • It explains how cognitive processes interact Shows that memory is active and also explains how memories enter our minds without rehearsal
   • The Idea of a Central Executive is vague and untestable Lab studies reduce the validity and studies come from those with brain damage and are unreliable

7. Memories can be Explicit or Implicit

   • Explicit - Knowing That - Conscious
   • Implicit - Knowing How - Unconscious

8. Brain Scans and case studies show that different parts of the brain are active when different memories are active

   • Tulving
     • Increase blood flow when thinking about Episodic memories at the front of the brain and increase blood flow when thinking about semantic memories at the back of the brain

9. Explanations for Forgetting

   • Interference
     • Retroactive
       • New Interferes with Recalling Old
     • Proactive
       • Old Interferes with Learning New
     • Kane and Eagle
       • Those with a greater working memory are less susceptible to interference
   • Baddeley and Hitch
     • Rugby players had to recall the names of teams they had played in the season
       • Those who played all of the games forgot more due to interference
       • Ceraso
         • If the were tested again 24 hours later recognition would improve, this is because memories were temporarily unavailable and not forgotten

10. Retrieval Failure

    • Tulving and Tompson
      • Memory is most effective if a cue is available
    • Pearlstone
      • Free Recall - 40% Cued Recall - 60%

11. Context Dependant Forgetting

    • The environment you learn in can act as a cue
      • Baddeley
        • Scuba divers who learnt under water recalled more underwater than on land and vise-versa
          • Smith
            • Thinking of the place can be just as effective
    • The mental state can also act as a cue, This is called State Dependant forgetting
      • Goodwin

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