MEMORY

MEMORY

1. MULTI - STORE MODEL

   • The Multi-Store Model of memory was devised by Atkinson and Shiffrin in 1968.
   • This model proposes that memory consists of 3 stores
     • Short-Term Memory
       • Duration: 0-18 seconds
       • Capacity: 7+/- 2
         • Miller
       • Encoding: Auditory
     • Sensory Register
       • Encoding: Modality Specific
       • Capacity: Undetermined
       • Duration: 1/4 to 1/2 second
     • Long-Term Memory
       • Duration: Unlimited
       • Capacity: Unlimited
       • Encoding: Semantic
   • STRENGTHS
     • Provides a structural view of memory
     • There is a distinguishable difference between the LTM and the STM
     • Supported by the case study of 'HM', who had little recall of long-term memories but his short-term memories were intact
   • WEAKNESSES
     • The model is too simplified
     • The MSM states that the LTM and STM are unitary stores, and more recent research has disproved this idea
     • The concept of Rehearsal is to simple an explanation for the transfer of information from STM to LTM
   • The MSM is a linear model of memory
   • Each Store of the MSM is unitary
   • There are 2 types of rehearsal that transfer information from the STM to the LTM
     • Maintenance
       • The process whereby information is kept in STM through the process of repeating
     • Elaborate
       • A memory technique that involves applying meaning to information for it to be remembered
   • Evidence
     • HM has LTM damage after brain-surgery, but STM is intact
       • Differentiates the STM & LTM
     • Shallice & Warrington studied KF, who had no problem with LTM, but his digit span for STM was only 2. He could remember visual info better than auditory
     • Glanzer & Cunitz showed that pps shown a list of words would only remember the first and last words
       • Serial Position Effect
     • Bahrick researched 400 pps 17-74, and found that after 15 years of graduation pps were 90% accurate in identifying their peers from a yearbook

2. WORKING - MEMORY MODEL

   • This model suggest there are many different aspects of memory
     • Phonological Loop
       • Articulatory Control Process
         • (INNER VOICE) Used to rehearse and store verbal information
       • Phonological Store
         • (INNER EAR) Responsible for speech-based information
       • The part of WMM that deals with spoken and written material
     • Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad
       • (INNER EYE) Stores and processes visual and spatial information, also used for navigation
     • Central Executive
       • Drives the whole system and allocates data to the slave systems
     • Episodic Buffer
       • Added in 2000 by Baddeley, it acts as a back-up store and communicates between all components of the WMM
   • STRENGTHS
     • Baddeley and Hitch (1976) conducted an experiment that proved their concept of the WMM by investigating the dual task phenomena
     • Can be applied to real-life situations were the MSM cannot
     • Supported by the case study of 'KF'
   • WEAKNESSES
     • Little research has been conducted into the Central Executive and how it works
     • Only involves the STM and so isn't comprehensive for all memory stores (LTM, SR)

3. EYEWITNESS TESTIMONY

   • Yerkes-Dodson Law dictates that stress and memory have a relationship
   • Johnson and Scott in 1976 conducted an experiment into weapon focus and recall
     • Weapon focus refers to a witness in a weapon based crime focusing on the weapon and not on the the actual event
     • ADVANTAGES
       • Highly replicable and valid as it was a laboratory experiment
       • Control of extraneous variables
     • DISADVANTAGES
       • Regarded as highly unethical, as the participants were subjected to psychological distress
       • Lacks ecological validity as it is a laboratory experiment
   • In 1986 Yuille and Cutshall conducted an experiment into the effects of misleading questions and real-life event recall
     • A misleading question is a question that may lead someone to answer a particular way or change their original answer
     • ADVANTAGES
       • The researchers used similar questions to the ones the police use so replicability in that sense is high
       • Findings can be applied to cognitive interviews
     • DISADVANTAGES
       • Low control of extraneous variables as it was a field experiment
       • Findings are relevant to flashbulb memory more than they are to the effects of misleading question
   • Loftus and Palmer conducted an experiment in 1974 into the effects of misleading questions and replicated event recall
     • DISADVANTAGES
       • Lacks ecological validity and therefore mundane realism which cannot be replicated in a laboratory
       • Cannot be generalised to the population
     • ADVANTAGES
       • High control of IV and DV and extraneous variables
       • Easy to replicate due to standardised procedures
   • Certain things can improve EWT, such as cognitive interviews

4. TIEGAN FOX

5. FORGETTING

   • Forgetting due to an absence of cues
     • Context
       • The environment
     • State
       • Internal - emotions, state etc.
     • Godden & Baddeley researched 18 divers, and subjected them to 4 conditions.
       • Learn - water Recall - land
       • Learn - land Recall - land
       • Learn - water Recall - water
       • Learn - land Recall - Water
       • 50% better recall when context remained the same
   • interference Theory
     • Proactive
       • Forget new, due to old
     • Retroactive
       • Forget old, due to new
     • Baddeley & Hitch asked rugby players to recall the names of players they had played against the previous season
       • Found that those that had not played were more likely to remember

6. LONG - TERM MEMORY

   • Procedural
   • Declarative
     • Semantic
     • Episodic
       • Experimental
       • Autobiographical
         • Flashbulb
   • Tulving was the first person to distinguish between the 3 main types of LTM

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