Psychology: Memory

Psychology: Memory

1. STM and LTM

   • Jacobs and Miller: 7 chunks and 7+/- 2
     • Cowan: 4 chunks
   • Peterson and Peterson
     • Evaluation: Longer with auditory tones
       • Not really testing LTM only waited 20 minutes
   • Bahrick: 70% faces 30% names
     • Encoding: LTM is semantic. STM is acoustic

2. Multi-Store Model

   • Sensory Attention STM Rehersal LTM Retrieval
     • Evaluation
       • Too simple
       • Deep and Shallow processing - Craik and Lockhart
       • Beardsley prefrontal coretx associated with STM. LTM associated with the hippocampus

3. Working Memory Model

   • Evaluation
     • Brain damage unreliable due to trauma
     • KF damage to PLL but not VSSP
     • CE is similar to attention
   • CE, PLL & VSSP
     • Episodic buffer

4. Types of LTM

   • Evaluation
     • Procedural: limbic system, cerebellum and basial ganglia
     • Semantic: temporal lobe
     • Episodic: temporal and frontal lobe
   • Procedural: Automatic
   • Semantic: Personal to everyone e.g. maths
   • Episodic: Personal to you

5. Interference

   • Underwood: more lists=worse recall
   • Proactive: New interferes with the old
     • Evaluation
       • Spontaneous recovery
       • Artificial
   • Retroactive: Old interferes with new

6. Retrieval Failure

   • Evaluation
     • High Validity
     • Doesnt work for more complex information
     • Circular cannot be tested
   • Context-Dependent Forgetting
     • Room and Teacher- Abernathy
   • State-dependent forgetting
     • Drunk or sober information learnt and recalled. Goodwin
   • Encoding Specificity Principle

7. Misleading Info

   • Evaluation
     • Real EWT is more accurate
     • Older people don't remember the source of their information although the actual information is usually well intact
     • Braun- Bugs Bunny
   • Post event discussions
     • Repeat Interviewing
     • Conformity Effect
   • Loftus and Palmer 'hit, bumped and smashed'

8. Anxiety

   • Christianson and Hubbinette- 58 real witnesses of a bank robbery
     • Evaluation
       • Catastrophe Model
       • Pickel: weapon focus due to surprise
   • Johnson and Scott- Weapon focus effect
   • Yerkes-Dodson Effect

9. Cognitive Interview

   • 4. Mental Reinstatement
   • 3. Change Perspective
   • 2. Change Order
     • Evaluation:
       • More helpful to older people
       • Police don't have the time or training required to put this into practice consistently
       • Increase of false positives. 81% correct but 61% false positives
   • 1. Report Everything