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3: WHAT DO WE SHOW?

Johanna Pyykkö Social psychology of communication 1 Inglés 2,5Valoración media 2,5 de 5 (2 valoraciones)

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3: WHAT DO WE SHOW?

Non- verbal behaviour and communication
- History:18th -19th century: "natural languages" > symbolic communication. Importance of immeadiate situaitonal facotrs: proximal/ situational influences & distal/ historical influences
- Style:
  - Personal idiom
    - Instrumental aspects of action
    - Expressive aspects of action: personalized (e.g. voice or signature)
  - Skill
    - (Complex, coordinated motor acts) acquired from environment by practicing
- Study of NVB
  - Knapp: 7 dimensions of NVB:
    - 1. Kinesics (body language)
    - 2. Paralanguage (content free vocalization)
    - 3. Physical contact (touching)
    - 4. Proxemics
    - 5. Physical characteristics of people
    - 6. Artefacts (cloths, perfume, jewelry)
    - 7. Environmental factors (setting)
  - Context is important!
    - Social climate: stressful/ relaxed situations
    - Formal (less NVB) / Informal setting (more NVB)
    - Physical/ social envirnoment
  - Ekman & Friesen: 3 categories
    - USAGE: all circumstances (setting, emotinal tone, relationship)
    - ORIGIN: root/ location of NVB ( nervous system, culture)
    - CODING: meaning of the NVB
      - Extrinsic: are something else than what they represent (e.g. thumbs-up)
      - Intrinsic: same as representation (eg. playful form of aggression = aggr.)
    - + 5 categories of behavioural acts
      - Emblems (culturally specific)
      - Illustrator: "it was this wide.."
      - Regulator: head nods, eye contact etc that regulate conversation flow. CULTURE SPECIFIC!
      - Adapters: object or self- manipulation (behavioural habits like scratching the head, folidng arms, pencil- tapping on table)
      - Affect displays: facial expressions
        7 universal emorions we are born with!
  - Encoder (talker) /vs. decoder (listener)
    - INFORMATIVE ACT
      - unintentional signal > interpretation
        form impressions
    - COMMUNICATIVE ACT
      - Intentional: the message content
    - Encoder can send GOAL DIRECTED or NON-GOAL-DIRECTED SIGNALS
      - Decoder may interpret them differently
  - Patterson: 7 basic funtions of NVB:
    - 1. Providing information
      - 2. Regulating interactions
        3. Expressing intimacy
        4. Expressing social control
        5. Presentation function
        6. Affect management
        7. Facilitating service tasks/goals
    - Exchange of expressions in interaction
    - 4 classes of factors:
  - Actor and observer bias: Actors overemphasize situational factors in explaining own behavior, observers overemphasize dispositional factors
- Dittmann: 4 channels
  - Language
    - Facial expressions
      - Vocalizations
        Body movements
  - Based on communicative channel capacity
    - Defined by how much information each of the channels can transmit at any moment
      - Channels go from Communicative/discrete to Expressive/continuous
- Mehrabian:
  - POSITIVENESS evaluation: > approach or avoid
  - POTENCY: status/ social control (cues of posture)
  - RESPONSIVENESS: activity cues
Voluntary & Involuntary Behaviour // Detecting Decpetion
- LIE: a deliberate intention to mislead.
  - Darwin: some emotions have universal facial impression > facial muscles can reveal our true emotions involuntarily (we canot control these muscles) > it's hard to hide true emotions
    - Reliable facial muscles: Facial actions that aren´t easily controlled by most people
    - Leakage of felt emotions: When parts of an expression occur (rapidly), betraying how a person feels even if that person is attempting to conceal their feelings
  - Lie continuum:
- Differences between expressed emotions and truly felt emotions
  - Morphology
    - the facial expression looks different when emotion is truly felt than when it is faked (different muscle movements)
      - Fake smile: movements associated with fear, sadness or disgust
      - Duchenne smile: sincere smile, Orbicularis Oculi muscles are activated (laughing eyes) + Zygomatic major. Left frontal EEG activation (positive affect)
  - Timing
    - Duration and speed of onset, abruptness
      - Micro facial expressions
      - Fake emotions start and end abruptly and last too long
      - True emotions last ~0.7 to 4 sec.
  - Symmetry
    - Emotions are more intensely expressed on the left side of the face! > Sincere emotions are asymmetrical! (Except happiness)
      - True smiles are more symmetrical
  - Cohesion
    - Facial expression will be consistent with the content of speech
      - The context, usual manner, internal consistency
    - Lying cues: hesitation, changes in emphasis, speech errors and distancing language
      - Changes in the frequency or tempo of gestures
- Experiment: Weaknesses: Based on high-stakes lies in laboratory setting with little preparation -> In real world people are more practiced in lies
Hand gestures
- Speech- gesture realtionship: Aid comprehension for the listener
- Categories:
  - Illustrators / Ideational gestures
    - improve the listener´s attention, recognition, understanding and memory about the content > clarify the content
    - iconic &metaphoric gestures, related to the semantic content / concurrent speech
  - Conversational gestures (without relation to semantic content)
    - rhytmic & cohersive gestures linked to speech structure
  - Adaptors:
    - Self-addressed (touch own body)
    - Object- addressed (contact with objects)
    - Person -addressed
    - associated with anxiety, soemtimes with deception
- Experiment
  - AIM: how gestures affect the perception of th espeaker and message and persuasion
  - DVs: coomunicative effectiveness, composure, comptenece, warmth of speaker and persuasiveness of message
  - Results:
    - Hand gesture type affected some factors of speaker evaluation, interpersonal perception and judgement
    - Ideational gestures are more effective than adaptors (object-addressed and self-addressed)
      - speaker seems more competent, has more effective communicaiton style and sending a more persuasive message
    - Generally, linked-to-speech gestures (ideational & conversational) influence the message evaluation and judgements about the speaker more than non-linked-to-speech (adaptor) gestures. > Namely, they improve perceived speaker composure
  - Weaknesses: (1) using a positive messgae in the manipulatiom, (2) relations among DVs, (3) cross- cultural comparisnon is needed
- can also provide information about the speaker
  - e.g. social abilites
- 2 dimensions underlying judgment:
  - Warmth, friendliness, sociability
  - Agency, competence, efficacy
- Communication style is a way to affect perceptions of speaker´s features
  - Nonverbal characteristics inluence the perceptions of credibility, persuasiveness, competency or effectiveness of the speaker
    - NV styles also influence likeablesness, competence, powerfulness, anxiety...
      - NVB: hihg speech volume and speech rate, high eye contact > liking > persuasiveness