Chapter 4.9 Review

Chapter 4.9 Review

1. Learning

   • Commonly defined as a relatively permanent change in behviour that occurs as a result of expereience

2. Approaches to Learning

   • Behaviourist approach to Learning
     • Classical Conditioning
       • a type of learning that occurs through the repeated association of two or more different stimuli.
       • Unconditoned stimulus
         • Unconditioned response
           • Neutral Stimulus
             • Conditoned Stimulus
               • Conditioned Response
                 • The learned response that is produced by the CS
               • The stimulus that is neutral at the start of the conditoning process but eventually elicits a very similar response to that caused by the UCS
             • Any stimulus that does not normally produce a predictable response
           • The response that occurs automatically when the UCS is presented
         • Any stimulus that consitently produces a particular, naturally occuring response
       • Before
         • During
           • After
             • NS becomes the CS; The CS produces a CR, which is usually similar to the previously UCR
           • NS is repeatedly paired with the UCS to produce the UCR
         • NS produces no relevant response; UCS elicits the UCR
       • Factors that will Influence CC
         • Nature of Response
         • Association of Stimuli
         • Timing of NS and UCS pairing
     • Operant Conditioning
       • A learning process whereby the consequences of behaviour determine thew likelihood that it will be performed again in the future.
       • Antecedent
         • Behaviour
           • Consequence
             • The enviromental event that occurs immediately after the bahviour has an effect oon the occurence of the behaviour
           • The voluntary action that occurs in the presence of the antecedent stimulus.
         • The stimulus that precedes a specific behaviour, signals the probable consequence for the behaviour and therefore influences the occurence of behaviour

3. Reinforcement and Punishment

   • Reinforcement
     • A process in which the a stimulus strengthens or increases the frequency or likelihood of a response that it follows
     • Reinforcer
       • an stimulus that strengthens or increases the frequency or likelihood of a response that it follows
     • Positive Reinforcement
       • Involves giving or applying a positive reinforcer after the desired response has been made
       • Negative Reinforcement
         • Involves the removal of an unpleasent stimulus
   • Punishment
     • Process of delivering an unpleasent consequence following a response, or the removal of a pleasent consequence following a response.
     • Positive Punishment
       • Negative Punishment
         • Invovles the removal or loss of a stimulus and thereby decreasing the likelihood of a response occuring again.
       • Involves the presentation of a stimulus, thereby decrasing the likelihood of a response occuring again

4. Social-Cognitive approach to learning

   • Observational Learning
     • Involves the acquisitio of information, skills or behaviour through watching the performance of others, either directly or infirectly via a form of media or some other means.
     • Attention
       • Learner must actively watch the model's behaviour and their consequences.
       • Retention
         • Learner must retian a mental representation of te model's behaviour for future use.
         • Reproduction
           • The learner must have the physical and mental capabilities to reproduce the behaviour
           • Motivation
             • The learner must have the desire to perform the behaviour
             • Reinforcement
               • The consequence of the behaviour influences the learners likelihood of reproducing the behaviour in future.

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