Poverty and Inequality case studies

Poverty and Inequality case studies

1. Child poverty-FAST scheme: families and schools together- £1.8 million -boosts chances of deprived children- teaches parents how to enhance learning -helped 10% of 3-5 years improve reading, writing and maths after 8 weeks -73% of parents were more involved in child's education after.

2. Brazil

   • Causes of poverty: climate, malaria , illiteracy, limited infrastructure , water supply , husband migration , urbanisation , poorest 10% receive 0.7% of country's income.
     • Solutions
       • Bolsa Familia: 2003-12 million families- costs .5% of GDP- promotes access to services and promotes self sufficiency-must have children in school until 17 (85% at 14-75% after) -must have full vaccines and pre/post natal care.
         • Benefits: 80% of money is reaching poor- poverty rate fell from 42.7 to 28.8- boosted education -decreased infant and maternal mortality- inequality cut by 17% in 5 years.
       • AfroReggae: 1993- set up after shooting of 21- 74 projects- 10000 members in 15 years- music, dance, capoeira-police relations- must be drink/drug free- sell clothes/music- sponsorship and grants for schemes- better community cohesion-lower crime and encourages studying,

3. Ghana

   • 60% literacy-80/1000 IMR- 70% agriculture
     • Independence in 1957- loans from IMF- in 1995 they were unable to pay- were paying $550 million a year- rescheduled debt by WTO/IMF if they allowed free trade-became a HIPC- structural adjustment procurement meant a halt in public spending- IMF stopped subsidies in agriculture -no rice so had to import -US rice is subsidised so it cost less by 50% - increased HIV/malaria due to debt restrictions- tariff removal meant unfair prices for cocoa (child labour) -foreign companies could buy land cheaply but it only benefits TNCs - gold resource curse-arsenic levels 1800x safe limit-stagnant water in mining areas increases malaria- contaminated water- trade liberalisation
       • Bilateral aid: of giving Ghana rice food aid and the UKs DFID spending 6 million on 1 million nets- saved 10000 lives- 50000 for pregnant women-IMR still 560/10000-2 million nets for under 2s .
       • HIPC and PRSP: produced in 2000-eligible in 2001- impact measured every 3 years- PRSP should be country driven, should clearly benefit poor, based on partnership with community/WB/IMF and should be long term-- wanted to increase income/increase service access/ increase primary enrolment/allow rural electrification/ combat corruption .
         • Successes:1999 to 2013 the primary enrolment went from 60-87%-- poverty rate from 2001 to 2005 was from 24.9 to 19.1- social spending increases from .5 of gdp to .7 from 2001 to 2003- absolute poverty decreased- malaria decrease- still issue of corruption and hiv/aids still increasing- time and cost of updating- unlikely to get loans.

4. Jubilee 2000: wanted debt cancellations- sub Saharan Africa give 14M and receive 10 in aid-scheme in 166 countries- 70000 human chain - 2010 there was 88M debt relief for 30 poorest countries-meant in Uganda primary fees could be removed- Zambia spend twice as much on health- 2.2M got clean water in Uganda- still $3.4 trillion owed by 128 poorest.

   • Jubilee debt campaign
     • Make poverty history 2005:225000 Edinburgh white rally-live 8 concerts-8M wrist bands-coalition of 540 groups- 50% in a survey bought bands and 87%b had heard of it- G8 cancelled 40 HIPC deabt-gov. agreed we should not have tied aid- g8's promises halved in the end and support dwindled.
       • If campaign: june 2013- focus on hunger and tax evasion- G8 offered £2.7 billion to tackle hunger so there was less media attention.

5. MDG: 2000-2015-8 goals from UN summit

   • Eradicate extreme hunger and poverty: wanted to half those in absolute poverty and hunger sufferers- achieved poverty but not hunger- 1 million out of poverty however 40% of sub sahara is in in extreme poverty- 1 in 9 still undernourished but they did help 500M.
   • Achieve universal primary education: got global literacy from 83% to 91% and 43 million more in school- 9% still excluded.
   • Promote gender equality and empowerment: eliminate gender disparity in P/S by 2005 and all by 2015-got ration from 71:100/100:100 in asia- women in parliament doubled- women only 1/5 of gov. and still disparity in education.
   • Combat HIV/AIDS: wanted it halted by 2015-south Africa saw 49% decline - rate of new infections fell by 40% but there is still 1.9M new infections in 2013.

6. Measuring inequality

   • Lorenz curve: shows what proportion of the population receives the income- the higher the gini coefficient ,the higher the inequality- area between line of perfect equality and Lorenz curve divided by area between perfect equality and inequality.
     • HDI: UN- composite of GDP per capita and PPP-life expectancy and percentage of population in education/literacy levels.
       • Happy planet, GNI, GDP
   • Gem : gender empowerment measure- UN- compares income by men and women- shows % of women in decision making roles and % in national parliament.

7. Dalits: institutionalised oppression due to the Hindu caste system-untouchables- broken people- more than 160M in india - manual scavenging- tan leather-skin dead animals- wash clothes- banned from wells- rape- violence- forbidden from temples- kids clean toilets in school- eat separately-denial to land- 95% of illiterate are dalit- average LE is 30- 70% drop out rate for dalits- in 28% of rral villages they aren't allowed into police stations - 33% of health workers don't enter dalit homes.

   • Ways dalits are being protected: Dalit police ( 6 dalit men educated in criminal law represent victims for free -collect evidence- gained compensation/conviction of 100 cases.)-- Progressive lawyers forum ( got 14000 out of manual scavenging- 200 dalit women trained as lawyers- legal support fro 5000 cases- network of 350 lawyers)-- World vision academy ( schools set up by 2 dalit leaders- 20% dalit school -encourages inclusion and no caste discrimination -majority of dalit study for free)-- Dynamic action group cricket (1/3 dalit)

8. Asylum seekers : inequality in employment/ income/ education/ bullying /housing/ health/ social grouping.-25% of asylum applications are granted.

   • Lee on solent: 400 asylum seekers accommodation centres- lots of protest /media promoting anti asylum messages- stereotypes (terrorism, violence, spongers ,fear of unknown, property price decrease, change our culture) -- destitution trap if they don't gain asylum status.
     • Solution: Refugee council-NGO-want them to have the same rights/opportunities /make surer they are respected and given protection/ help them with legal advise/ help with careers/ tell it like it is campaign to change perceptions and the outcry campaign to get rid of detention for young asylum seekers (depression etc)in 2010 they ended detention and gave control to local authority

9. Emergency aid: Shelterbox and japan tsunami- 250000 homeless-11000 structures destroyed- 10000 deaths-got there in 24 hours and assisted 261000.

   • Multicultural aid: international organisation= Yemen and the international development association - improve education (literacy, gender equality, special ed) ,improve sewage and sanitation- water purification ,infrastructure, clinics, modernising fisheries

10. Evaluation of aid: saves lives-improves links -redistributes wealth-infrastructure/ dependency- may distort free market- promotes superiority -fundraising can reinforce inaccurate images of others- may be conditional/tied.

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