WD - Theme 1 - Development, Resources and Global Citiznship

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Key ideas and Case studies:

Key Idea 1:

MDC - UK

LDC - Zambia

Food - MDC and LDC

Agribusiness in UK and Denmark

The Machakos, Kenya

Water -

Narmada Dam

Water Aid

Fuel/Energy

Narmada Dam

Micro hydro in Nepal

Deforestation/illegal logging in the Solomon islands

Reduction in deforestation

Key Idea 2:

Boserup - Supporting case studies

Agribusiness in the UK

Agribusiness in Denmark

Machakos, Kenya

Malthus - Supporting case studies

Niger

Global impacts

Coal in china

Impacts on another country

River Danube

Key Idea 3:

Grameen bank

Micro hydro and rope bridge projects bride projects

Water aid

Upesi stoves

International:

Shell

National:

Narmada man

Shell in Nigeria

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The Narmada Dam - India

An example of the impact of population growth on the economic development:

India's population is continuing to grow

- Currently 1.1 billion

-Predicted to be 1.6 billion by 2050

-Economy is developing rapidly

The need for the dam:

Irrigation to increase agricultural production

(water to increase farming production)

-Monsoon river water is conserved for dry times

-Increase in agriculture due to population increase

-Which is main reason for large scale dam building

The Narmada Dam:

-The largest west flowing river on the Indian sub continent

-The river flows though a dry area

-Government estimates £20 billion lost through agriculture due to drought

-Scheme will take up to 100 years + includes 3000 major+minor dams

-Water for irrigation will be shared between 4 states

-Administered by the Indian government

-Funded by Japan, Germany, the UK and bilateral aid from World Food Bank

-HEP dams funded by bilateral aid (from Japan, Germany, and the UK)

and multilateral aid from the World Bank

- Funding was withdrew in 1994 due to concerns on how local people were being treated

Advantages of the Narmada Dam:

-Provides irrigation for 2 million hectares of land

so increases food production

feeds an extra 20 million people

-Provides 3.5 billion liters of clean drinking water each day

-Provides 145 megawatts of HEP

supports an industrial boom

reliable supply

generates employment for an extra 1 million people

attracts investment

Disadvantages of the Narmada Dam:

Social

-234 villages will be completely submerged

-80% of villages submerged will get no irrigation benefits

-Sites of historical and religious importance will be lost

-100,000 people will be displaced

Madyar Pradesh many of the people are very poor - 70% of all people displaced are from the state

-Local peoples way of life was lost - 51% of people affected are from scheduled tribes

they have lived a subsistence way of life for hundreds of years

based around fishing, farming and forestry

all possible due to fertile land near river

impossible in resettlement camps

families were given unfertilized pieces of land

- Financial compensation instead of resettlement or replacement land due to not enough land to go around

-Unsustainable as the subsistence populations were not equip to live in a cash economy

-3,500km2 of forest and 600km2 of good quality agricultural land will be submerged

Environmental

-Silt build up behind dams

-Water emerging from the dams will carry very little sediment and increase energy

increase the amount of erosion downstream

cause a loss of fertile silt to replenish floodplains

-Increased deforestation

supply enough agriculture for displaced people

-Loss of habitats

Opposition to the scheme:

-Opponents, Anti-Dam activists, "Save or Drown squad", Set up by local villagers.

-Appeals to:

-British government + British Overseas development administration

-Japanese government

-World Bank

It asked all to withdraw their funding over concerns of corruption

(way local people were treated and issues with the resettlement program)

all foreign aid support was withdrawn in the 1990's

Indian government was determined to continue

Scheme is still progressing

Privately funded

Continues to opposition from local people supported by high profile people

An example of a top down development project

The impact of population growth and economic development

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The Micro Hydro rope Bridge Project - Nepal

Aerial Rope ways of Nepal:

-Nepal offers extreme geographic conditions

to test different transport systems

-Ranges of high mountains - Rural access is a major problem in Nepal

-Settlements are scattered with few densely populated areas

mixed with harsh terrain and poor weather conditions makes linking homes to establish roads very hard

-Wire bridges (tuin) are indigenous technology , most common structures for hilly river crossing in Nepal

-More than 6000 rivers in Nepal, most have no means of crossing

(many people have died during monsoon trying to cross)

-More than 15 tuin operating along Trisuli river

-Average of 50 households using each tuin (300 people)

-Pulley and bearing system helps reduce friction and moves smoothly

-Tuin was was tested, improved and developed in Mahestar (village)

60km west of Kathmandu used to demonstrate the system to other villagers

-Technology is used when there is no available low cost, affordable, appropriate way of crossing a river -

Impovements made to the tuin:

-Gear system that makes the carriage run smoothly

-Operating handle preventing people from trapping fingers

-Metal cage that incorporates seats

-Cables rather than rope

Costs involved:

-Labour

-Manufacturing

-Tuin support system (pillar construction)

-Wire cable

-Tuin box

-Pulley system

-Anchor block and other accessories

-Installation

-Transportation

Rope-ways:

-Used in Nepal for many years

-Basic form

single span made with fiber rope simply anchored at each end

-First major rope way installed in Nepal in 1920's

-Improved and extended system in 1964

-Some stagnation on the development of large scale rope ways, small scale are easily feasible in Nepal

-Rope ways are used in hilly areas due to absence of conventional transport infrastructure

The Micro Hydro Rope Bridge Project - Nepal:

-Developed by the ITDG and Northern Gorkha Development Group

-Have been coordinating the construction of a rope way that spans 2.5km over a 1,00m climb

-The winch is powered by a micro-hydro rope bridge project in Nepal

-Produces 35kw that powers the rope way during the day and provides electricity to the village at night

-Before the rope way was built . the journey could take 6 hours

Aids development because:

-Journey times are reduced, more time spent studying or working

-Costs of basic needs (flour, oil) is reduced due to shorter journey time

-These goods are avaliable all year round

-Electricity is brought to remote areas for the first time

helps income generation

longer time to study/work

-Medicines can be stored in fridges

An example of a bottom up development project

The work of an NGO practical action

An innovation development scheme

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Water Aid's work - Zambia

-Piped clean water supply coverage of 55%

-Sanitation coverage - 45%

-Creates problems for individuals, communities and the country

-Not meeting basic needs for many of the population

Water

-Drinking water

-Water to cook

-Water for washing

Creates larger problems

Health issues

Disease - Cholera (not uncommon)

Issues with food production

Water is not available for the irrigation of crops

Water Aid supports the governments WASHE (water, sanitation, hygiene and education) programme

Water Aid works with district communities to implement the policy

Creates focus villages containing water, sanitation and hygiene projects

Then used as showcases - other villages visit to see what they can achieve

Sichiyanda is a village in Monze district (showcases)

Made up of 41 households

Project began in 2001

Community and charity worked together to dig a well with a bucket and windlass

Hygiene education in the village

28 latrines build and growing

Built using mixture of styles dependent on what the family can afford

Education within the community

Hand washing promoted at critical times:

-before eating

-preparing food

-after using latrines

Diseases like diarrhea have decreased as a result

Good hygiene is now taking place

People who have visited Sichiyanda have taken what they have seen back to their own communities

An example of bottom up development

Example of NGO Water Aid

Providing clean water ; A Basic Need

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Agribusiness - UK

-Large scale agriculture

-An organised business

-Aim to generate largest amount of possible profit

-Company may own several farms

-Financial institutions will invest in the company

-Each farm run by a farm manager

-Company employs specialists (plant specialists)

-If not needed full time, contracted for short periods

-Advise on the conditions of the crops for best possible yields

-Can be run by a handfull of farm workers

-What they grow is determined by their ability to sell

-Common agriculture policy (CAP)

influences farming practices

across Europe

Done through grants, subsides, loans, grants, price support, quota systems, guidelines and directives.

Agribusiness - Lynford House Farm

-504 hectare farm

-Located, Cambridgeshire Fens, near city of Ely

-Mostly arable

-Run and owned by Robert Sears and Family

-Purchased from Scottish life assurance in 1998

-Farm is on flat land

just above sea level

-Receives annual rainfall of 559mm a year

-5 fulltime perminant staff

2 are family members

3 are employees

-Some work done by contractors during peak times

- Last few years, £300,000 spent on machinery

-Many specialist buildings

-Cold store for potatoes and other to dry grain

-£15,000 spent on nitrogen fertilisers

-£45,000 spent on pesticides

Recent addition, 12 million gallon reservoir and irrigation system

An example of food as a basic need

An example of a resource ; Flat, fertile land in an area where the climate is suitable for arable farming

Example of agribusiness in an MDC

Supports Boserup's theory of population resource theory

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Machakos - Kenya

Machakos in Kenya, an area of the savannah

People of machakos are not rich, they have no:

-electricity

-poor roads

-not enough wells

Have learnt to live sustainably in the Savannah

Soil Problem:

-soil was exhausted

-no longer any good for growing crops

-cattle had eaten all the grass

-led to increased soil erosion

-soil was blown away

-rains failed

-desertification occurred

-droughts due to failed rains lead to famine

-gullying occured - when a big gash or hole in the ground happens

-crops therefore couldn't grow

-1937 the soil was warn out and exhausted

Learning to live sustainably:

-hedges planted around fields to stop wind blowing soil away

-slopes were terraced - end of each terrace, lip of grass put, stop soil washing away - terraces allowed rain collection, kept grass moist

-goodness put back into the soil

manure from cows, sheep, goats, compost made from dead plants and food scraps

-different variety of trees planted

for timber

fruit

firewood

-makes sure wood is taken from branches and not the whole tree

- new stove, requires less firewood, (upsei stove) introduced to community

Example of food as a basic need

Resource repletion due to population growth

An example of bottom up sustainable development project

Supports Boserup's theory of population resource theory

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Organoponicos, Market Gardens - Cuba

Organoponicos - Gardens that use organic methods to produce crops and meet the needs of the local people

Organoponicos - Most known solution to food problem

Before revolution 1% owned almost half of all agricultural land

After revolution agriculture was mechanised + nationalised

Cuba and USSR set up trade

Sugar cane was produced in industrial abundance

traded for cheap food, machinery and petrochemical fertilisers

Problem:

USSR collapsed in 1990's

Cuba's ability to feed collapsed too

Within one year:

80% of trade lost

1.3 million tonnes of fertilliser lost yearly

Fuel supplies dried up

Food shortages across Cuba

UN average calorie intake:

1980's - 2,600

1993 - 1,000

Agriculture revolution:

Quick action was needed

-Land changed from export crops (producing sugar cane) to domestic food production

-Tractors swapped for oxen

-Encouragement to grow crops where you live (in Cuba)

-Organic farming methods introduced

Heavily publicised

Encourages involvement from everyone

Success:

-In 2000 Organoponicos made up 3.4% of all urban land in the country

and 8% of land in rural areas

-in 2002, 3.2 million tonnes of food produced in organoponics

By 2004 average calorie intake, back up to 2,600 daily

Example of food as a basic need

An example of how stategies for sustainable development vary in different environment

Supports Boserup's theory of population resource theory

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Upesi Stoves - The rural stoves west Kenya project

BioMass for cooking:

Improves:

-energy efficiency

-environment

-employment

-health

Around half the worlds population relies on biomass for energy needs.

Biomass includes - Fuel wood, organic waste

Major source of renewable energy

Most of which is used for open fires or poorly constructed stoves (usually inside the house)

Leads to inefficient fuel use and high indoor air pollution

Simplest, immediate ways of improving quality of life is giving improved stoves to those using biomass

Upseti stove - Developed by ITDG with its partners in East Africa

Made of clay and fired in a kiln

Design means argircultural residues such as wood and suger cane waste can be used

Benefits poor people:

-Can half the amount of fuel wood needed by a household

reduces drudgery

improves the sustainability of fuel wood resources

-Provides employment

10,000 stoves per year are made and sold in West Kenya

-Alleviates household smoke

ITDG introduced a new design of kiln

-reduced the fuel needed to makes the stoves and

the scrap levels from stoves cracking during firing

Wide spread impact on Kenya

What makes the Upesi a success:

Including the use of the market

Participation of the community

Entrepreneurial training

Community is actively involved in the manufacturing and promotion of the stoves

Project has trained 13 women's groups (approx 200 people) to make improved stoves

Women gain skills in business management including marketing

Women chose their own training needs, come up with their own (devise) programs, control their pace

Annual production is estimated - 10,000 to 11,000 stoves

profit made by the stoves provides high skilled workers with a higher than average rural wage

Result - women involved have gained status, self confidence and financial independence

Their involvement also meant they learnt to construct and use the stove

An example of a sustainable bottom up development project

Example of an NGO project - Practical Action

Sustainable use of fuel/energy

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Famine - Niger

March 2012

United Nations world food program expected that almost 400,000 children in Niger could find themselves so malnourished that they end up like those in Quallam's hospital

Nearly 1 in 10 dead as a result

Contributers to the famine:

-A failed harvest (worse than last year)

-Years of drought (left many families in dept)

-A spike in food prices at the market

blamed on a combination of oil politics in neighboring Nigeria, investment in stocks from traders, poor marketing and lack of infrastructure

-Regional insecurity (rebellion to the north of Mali) and active revolts to the south in northern Nigeria

leading to, unexpected population movements in a fragile region that can not cope with abrupt changes

-Lack of education , mothers giving babies dirty water as replacement to breast milk, leading to diarrhea, one of the quickest paths to malnutrition

-Chronic poverty, means poor basic health care, children are vulnerable to disease

-Climate change and desertification

MOST IMPORTANTLY

-Bad leadership

Somalia's militant group, al-shabab changed last years drought into a famine

The government failed to acknowledge the scale of hunger in the country in 2005 before it was too late

An example of lack of basic needs

Supports Malthus

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Grameen Bank, Micro Finance Scheme - Bengal

Program gives small loans to very poor people for self employment projects that generate income

allowing them to care for themselves and their families

Muhammad Yunus was born 28th of June 1940

Village of Bathua

In Hathazari - Chittagong, the business centre of Eastern Bengal

3rd of 14 children

5 died in infancy

Father was successful gold smith

Always encouraged his sons to seek higher education

Biggest influence was his mother - Safia Khatun , always helped poor people who knocked on the door

Inspired him to commit himself to eradicate poverty

1974 professor Muhammad Yunus

Bangladeshi economist from Chittagong university

took students to poor village on school trip

interviewed a women who made bamboo stools

learnt equivalent of 15p was borrowed to buy raw bamboo per stool, after repayment to middle man, 1p profit was left with her

If borrowed at better interest, more profit, raise to a state of supporting ones self

Aims of the Grameen Bank:

-Promotes credit as a human right

-Help poor families to help themselves to overcome poverty

targeted to poor, especially women

-Offered for creating self employment

-Challenge conventional banking which reject the poor due to characterising them as " not credit worthy "

-Order to obtain loans, borrower must joint a group of borrowers

-Loans can be received in a continuous sequence, new loan becomes avaliable to a borrower if previous loan is repaid

-All loans to be paid back in installments (weekly or bi-weekly)

-More than one loan can be received by a borrower

-Comes with obligatory or voluntary savings programs for borrowers

An example of a bottom up development scheme

Innovative micro finance scheme

Sustainable development scheme

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Boserup: Optimistic population resource relationship model

Population growth

Increased food demand

Improved agricultural activity

OR

Raised ability to import food

Population growth continues

1965

Based her theory on:

Argument that in an agricultural society, an increased population stimulates an improvement in agricultural techniques so that more food can be produced.

In more advanced societies, the production of goods and the provision of services allows food to be purchased from external sources.

Import food ensure food security.

Supported by: Agribusiness in the UK and Denmark

The Machakos Kenya+Organiponicos Cuba

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Malthus: Pessimistic Population Resource Relationship Model

1798

Theory has two principles:

1. Human population has the potential to grow to a geometric rate (2, 4, 8, 16) Doubling each time. The population can double every 25 years.

2. Even in more favorable circumstances, agricultural production can only be expected to increase at a arithmetic rate (1,2,3,4)

This means:

Population growth may be expected to outstrip food supply

The ability for every country to produce food has a finite limit and so this sets a ceiling on population growth

As a population begins to reach this ceiling, two types of checks kick in to stop population growth

1. Preventive checks: help to reduce fertility rates

Include both male and female fertility rates reducing if they are malnourished and the abstinence from or a delay in marriage

2. Positive checks: Things that increase morality rates

Include famine,

disease,

war and infanticide

Supports Niger Famine + Zambia

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Eco Tourism - Galapagos Islands

Location: 50 volcanic Galapagos islands lie 1,000km off the west coast of South America in the Pacific ocean - They belong to Ecuador

Here Charles Darwin formulated his theory of evolution.

90% of the island designed as marine reserve

islands are one of the most fragile and precious ego systems in the world

This ecosystem could aid development but also could destroy if not managed properly

Protection began in 1930's

There is a biosphere reserve and whale sanctuary

Strict rules for tourists

arrive mainly by small ships, tour the island, allow tourists onshore in certain places, in limited numbers

tour boats owned by local people - take 10-16 each

accompanied by tour guides - accurate information, prevent damage

Benefits:

Environmental- Galapagos conservation trust gets aprox £25 pp from cost of holiday

helps pay for conservation work on the island

Economic:

local people act as paid guides

small businesses have been started - example - boat companies , set up for trips around the island

locals run guest houses

provide services for tourists

locals have an income - money put back into economy

Social: using local people means they are involved in eco tourism industry

support tourism and conservation projects

Disadvantages/costs:

Honeypot sites:

even though tourism is controlled, some sites over used, showing signs of environmental stress

Pollution: oil pollution from boats affect fragile marine ecosystem

How different types of environments require different approaches to sustainable development

Example of rural environment

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Dharavi - Mumbai

Heart of a growing Indian economy

Commercial capital of India

Home to 17 million people - is growing rapidly

Estimated 600 migrants arrive daily

Experiencing hyper-urbanisation

(means city is growing so rapidly, needs of its people cant be met)

Evident in Dharavi

One of the worlds largest slums

Over 1 million people live there

Located between two railway lines

Provides cheap accommodation for low skilled workers

Problems addressed to the west due to Oscar winning "slum dog millionaire"

Although said to be something to learn from

Dharavi has virtually no crime

Nearly full employment

Strong sense of community

One of the highest recycling rates in the world

Sustainable urban community - NIC

(newly industrialized country)

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Hammarrby - Stockholm

Brownfield site - Harramby Sjostad - being developed as one of Stockholms largest urban development projects

Located by lake - shaped the infrastructure, planning, designing

9,000 apartments for aprox 20,000 residents

Located on the south side of the lake

Offers easy access into Stockholms city center

Ambitious environmental targets, average car ownership - 0.5 cars per unit

Wants the project to be 2x as green compared to other projects in Stockholm

Infrastructure system: designed as "closed loop" water, waste, energy

they all feed each other - reduces amount of energy and resources needed to run

Transport:

Free ferry link across Hammarby Sjostado introduce

Takes 5 minutes to cross lake

Runs every 10 to 15 mins

starting early morning until night

Bicycles can be take on board

4 tram stops in heart of Hammarby Sjostad

Tram connects area directly to the underground network

Plans to connect tram eastwards - to connect directly to one of Stockholms main transport hubs

Pedestrian bridges which link the area to Stockholm city center

Landscape and environment:

Green spaces and walkways run through district

Where possible - natural landscapes been preserved

Original reeds and rushes kept along the waterfront

Birch trees create landscape for beautiful waterfront park

Rocky oak woodland defines the edge of the district

Facilities and services:

Modern glass church building

Two state schools (6-16 years)

One private school

One pre school and nursery

One GP practice

A library

A sports center

A ski slope

A football pitch

Basketball court

Reduce, Re-use, and Recycle:

Solar panels and solar cells

summer solar panels provide 50% of energy required for hot water heating in the block

Infrastructure systems - closed loop system (water, waste, energy) - feed each other - reduce the amount of energy and resources needed to run them

Got rid of the need for rubish collections

All waste put into shoots

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A comparison of basic needs - UK and Zambia

UK - A MDC - Easter House Glasgow

UK has enough people paying taxes to support those who struggle to support themselves

Education and health care is free to the point of access

Those dependent on welfare receive multiple benefits to help meet basic needs

Housing benefit, Job seekers allowance, Disability benefits, Child benefit and Child tax credits

Shelter: A social housing flat (generally belongs to council)

Rent paid through housing benefits

Quality of housing can be problematic

(damp and mould)

Services: Clean water, sanitation and gas often paid using pre-paid cards or tokens

brought through benefits money, means families can not run up bills they can not pay

but often end up paying more per unit

Food: Patatoes, bread, beans, and pies often eaten - not healthy balanced diet but most have enough to eat

Free school meals for parents on benefits

Kids 7- get free milk and healthy snacks - fruit and veg at school

Families unable to feed themselves or their children (if there's a delay in benefits ect) can be refered to a food bank

by health visitor, GP, social worker

should last 3 days

Other house hold items: Soap, soap powder, washing up liquid, shampoo ect payed with benefits money

Often own brand/ value products - brought in pound stores

Clothes: Paid for out of benefits

Often bought from charity shops or catalogues for spread out costs

Education and healthcare: Free to the point of access, NHS education system paid through taxes

Families on benefits not working don't pay income tax

Transport: Public transport, buses are the main method, can be too expensive

Super stores with cheap goods can be out of reach

Nearest shop tends to be a convenience store where prices are higher

Quality of life: Relative poverty, basic needs are met by the state, Vulnerable,

NGO's, Save the children, help people in the uk meet their basic needs

Eat, Sleep, Learn and Play project

Refered by a social worker or health visitor for a material grant

Cooker, or a bed, school uniform, books or toys for the child

Homeless people in the UK: Access to shelter, food, clean water, medical care, legal advice.

Sometimes met through government (NHS) or charities (Shelter, Center point)

Hard to find job without address

Ways to make money, (Selling the big issue)