Fichas
memory
Fichas del conjunto (51)
- 1define memory.an organisms ability to store, retain and recall information.
- 2what are the 3 stages of memory?encoding, storage and retrieval.
- 3what happens during encoding?information is changed into a storable format
- 4what happens during storage?information is held in the memory system
- 5what happens during retrieval?information is recovered from storage
- 6who came up with the multi store model for memory?Atkinson and Shiffin
- 7what is the multi store model?
- 8what is the purpose of the sensory register?to accept information from the 5 senses and is moved to the short term memory if you pay attention to the information.
- 9what is the coding, capacity and duration of the sensory register?Coding; according to sense used e.g. iconic for visual, acoustically for audio etc
capacity; very high e.g. 100 million eye cells, each storing data
duration; less than half a second - 10what is the short term memory?an active memory system where memories you are thinking about can be accessed.
- 11what is the coding, capacity and duration of the short term memory?Coding: acoustic
Capacity: between 5 and 9 pieces of information at any given time
duration: around 30 seconds unless rehursed - 12what is the long term memory?the permanent memory store unless the they are lost in some way due to decay or brain damage.
- 13what is the coding and capacity of the long term memory?coding: semantically
Capacity: unlimited unless brain is damaged - 14what are the strengths and weaknesses of the multi store model?strengths: - clear,simple method
- research supports the idea
Weaknesses: - all experiments done in lab conditions so lack ecological validity
- fails to show how LTM and SR interact - 15who came up with the working memory model?Baddeley and Hitch
- 16what does the working memory model look like?
- 17what is the central executive?it directs information to particular tasks and assigns particular systems to different tasks. it is seen more as a control system than a memory store
- 18what is the phonological loop?controls auditory and written information and is subdivided into the phonological store (inner ear) and the articulatory processes (inner voice).
- 19what is the visuospatial sketchpad?the area which processes visual and spatial information. it displays and manipulates visual information in the long term memory so that we always aware of where we are. it is divided into the visual cache (visual data) and inner scribe (position of objects)
- 20what is the episodic buffer?a general store which was added to the model later to process information with visual and acoustic information
- 21what is the capacity and coding of the central executive?capacity: very small
coding: from all 5 senses - 22what is the capacity and coding of the phonological loop?capacity: about two seconds
Coding: articulatory - 23what is the capacity and coding of the visuospatial sketchpad?coding: 3-4 items
capacity: mental images - 24what is the capacity of the episodic buffer?very limited
- 25what are the strengths and weaknesses of the working memory model?S: - today's psychologists agree with the WMM in addition to the MSM
- KF study supports WMM
- doesn't overemphasise the importance of rehearsal
W: - visuospatial sketchpad assumes all information is visual but blind people have good spatial awareness
- little evidence for the central executive and the capacity hasn't been measured
- only considers short term memory - 26what is episodic memory?personal memories of events usually including details of the event, context and emotions associated with the event. (conscious memory)
- 27what is semantic memory?memory of facts and knowledge they usually start as episodic memories but progressively loose their association with events until only the knowledge remains. (conscious memory)
- 28what is procedural memory?memory of how to do things such as riding a bike. the memories involve a lot of repetition and practice as well as being implicit (no need to intentionally recollect) and the memories are automatic
- 29what is the interference theory?when one part of our memory affects recall of a memory in another area which results in the forgetting or distorting of one or both of the memories. this is most likely to occur with similar memories
- 30what is retroactive interference?new information we learn causes problems when we try to recall older pieces of information
- 31what is proactive interference?things we have already learned our ability to recall new information
- 32what is the retrieval failure theory?the idea that where and when we learn information affects our memory of it, therefore, if the context is the same when retrieving the information as it is when learning it, retrieval is more likely to be accurate.
- 33what is state dependent forgetting?the idea that we forget things more readily if we are in a different mood of physiological state during recall in comparison to learning
- 34what is context dependent forgetting?the idea that we forget things more readily when the environment at recall is different to the environment at learning
- 35what is a strength and weakness of the retrieval failure theory?S: - practical applications such as taking a witness back to a crime scene in order to remember the event more clearly
W: - may not be the same outside of a lab as inside, so lacks ecological validity - 36what is the encoding specificity principle?if cues are the same at recall are similar to those at learning then you are more likely to correctly recall information
- 37define eyewitness testimony.ability of people to retrieve details of events which they themselves have observed
- 38what is a leading question?a question which suggests a certain answer due to the way in which it is phrased
- 39what is a misleading question?incorrect information given to a witness usually after an event has taken place.
- 40what is a post event discussion?when witnesses talk about what they saw with either co witnesses or other people
- 41how do eye witnesses become contaminated?if the co-witnesses discuss an event with each other after the event, they may take in incorrect information from other witnesses and begin to believe that this information is correct.
- 42what is a response bias?misleading information which may lead to a bias response despite not altering memories
- 43what is a substitution explanation?the wording of a question changes how a person remembers an event (this changed information is permanently stored)
- 44what is the Yerkes-Dodson inverted U model?the idea that some stress helps accuracy of the memory, however too much decreases the accuracy giving a level of stress which is "optimal"
- 45what is the positive effect of anxiety on memory?increases the fight or flight response making us more alert which may make us more aware of cues inthe situation
- 46what is the negative effect of anxiety on memory?the physiological arousal prevents us from paying attention to important cues which impairs recall
- 47what is the weapons focus effect?if a weapon is involved in a crime, attention is drawn to it and away from the rest of the situation meaning we may not remember details around the event such as the person behind the weapon.
- 48what is a cognitive interview?an interview technique designed to improve the accuracy of memory and the amount of accurate detail produced
- 49what is the idea behind the cognitive interview?that there are multiple retrieval pathways to the memories and that no one pathway can give all of the information
- 50what are the 4 techniques in the cognitive inerview?- report everything (witness encouraged to report every detail of the event even if they seem irrelevant or trivial as they may trigger memories)
- reinstate the context (return to the crime scene in the mind and imagine the environment and emotions as it is related to context dependent forgetting)
- reverse the order (events recalled in a non chronological order to prevent recollection of expected events in the place of real events. also prevents dishonesty as it is harder to produce an untruthful account in reverse)
- change the perspective (witnesses recall incident from the perspective of others to decrease effect of schemas and to prevent expectation changing real memories) - 51what are the strengths and weaknesses of the cognitive interview?S: - practical applications e.g. police
- beneficial for children or people with learning difficulties
W: - there are many components so its hard to find the most effective
- comparison to the standard police interview is hard as the police interview isn't standardised
- time consuming
- not useful in identifying the suspect
Información
- Descripción
- a-level Psychology Fichas sobre memory, creado por Olivia McKenzie-Allen el 12/04/2018.
- Creado por
- Olivia McKenzie-Allen
- Visitas
- 0
- Valoración