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Learning
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- 1EmpiricismAll knowledge acquired thru experience
Locke, Berkeley, Hume - 2Physiological traditionsHelmholz – speed of nerve impulse
Weber/Fechner – quantify relationship between a stimulus
and perception of that stimulus - 3StructuralismWundt
Uses the method of introspection, thinking about what is the building backs of proceptions, break down a quality - 4FunctionalismWilliam James
Look at function not the structure. Based on goals. - 5GestaltGestalt (Wertheimer) - ‘whole > S(parts)’
Law of proximity and law of similarity
hurts structuralism - 6Psychodynamic approachCan determine the building blocks cause there are unconscious parts
- 7BehaviorismBasic tenets of Behaviorism
– anti-mentalistic
– measure overt behavior
– characterize all animal behavior
“Learning” is synonymous with Behaviorism
– JB Watson (1913)
– BF Skinner (1938) - 8Watson’s 1913 Manifesto(1) Subject of psychology is not the mind but behavior (i.e., observable actions).
(2) Goal of psychology is to identify environmental
conditions that cause individuals to behave in certain ways.
(3) Only describe environment-behavior
relationships; no reference to the mind.
(4) No difference between human and animal behavior. - 9What is Learning: Historical PerspectiveWatson: environment -> behavior
stimulus -> response
S -> R
S -> black box -> R
Skinner: behavior -> consequence
(response) (stimulus)
Learning: nurture, not nature - 10Habituationthe simplest form of learning
learning not to respond - 11unconditional responseIn classical conditioning, an unconditioned response is an unlearned response that occurs naturally in reaction to the unconditioned stimulus.
- 12unconditional responseAn unconditioned stimulus is a stimulus that leads to an automatic response. In Pavlov's experiment, the food was the unconditioned stimulus.
- 13conditional stimulusIn classical conditioning, the conditioned stimulus is a previously neutral stimulus that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned response.
- 14conditioned responseIn classical conditioning, the conditioned response is the learned response to the previously neutral stimulus. The previously neutral stimulus will then evoke the response all on its own. At this point, the response becomes known as the conditioned response.
- 15neutral stimulusA neutral stimulus doesn't trigger any particular response at first, but when used together with an unconditioned stimulus, it can effectively stimulate learning. A good example of a neutral stimulus is a sound or a song. When it is initially presented, the neutral stimulus has no effect on behavior.
- 16Classical ConditioningBefore Training:
US -> UR
NS -> no response
Training:
NS/CS + US
After Training:
CS -> CR - 17Extinctiondisappearance of a CR when the US is withheld
- 18Reconditioningafter extinction, when CS is again paired with US, CR
returns quickly, after 1 or 2 trials - 19Spontaneous recoveryLong after extinction, when CS is presented alone, reappearance of CR
- 20Relevant factors: stimulus generalizationThe range in stimulus still proves the CR
- 21Relevant factors: stimulus discriminationIs the flip side is being able to determine which response is which CS
- 22Relevant factors: TimingThere should be CS precede US by 0.5-1 second for optimal
- 23Relevant factors: predictabilityCS always/only signals US
- 24Relevant factors: signal strengthCS and US be strong stimuli
- 25Relevant factors: attentionMost attended to stimuli CS and US
- 26ApplicationsLearned immune responses, phobias, predator control
- 27ThorndikeInstrumental Conditioning
puzzle boxes
learning by trial and error
law of effect - 28puzzle boxesThe puzzle box is the laboratory device that E. L. Thorndike invented in order to study instrumental or operant conditioning in cats. Hungry cats were individually placed into a box that could be opened by the animal via a device such as a latch.
- 29learning by trial and errorAnimals learn gradual from trial and error, this is a gradual
- 30law of effectThe behavior of an organism is
controlled by the effects it produces.
Thorndike states that in learning is process between stimulus and respond. - 31SkinnerOperant Conditioning
Skinner boxes
basic components of operant conditioning - 32operantany behavioral act that has some effect on the environment
- 33operant conditioningwhen an operant response changes the likelihood of that response occurring again
- 34discriminative stimulusstimulus that signals whether reinforcement is available if a certain response is made
- 35schedules of partial reinforcers– reward only some of the responses
– overall, leads to better learning - 36Skinner boxesWhat is a Skinner box and how does it work?
A Skinner Box is a often small chamber that is used to conduct operant conditioning research with animals. Within the chamber, there is usually a lever (for rats) or a key (for pigeons) that an individual animal can operate to obtain a food or water within the chamber as a reinforcer. - 37What is a Schedules of partial reinforcementfixed ratio
variable ratio
fixed interval
variable interval - 38ratioreinforcement after certain # of responses
- 39intervalreinforcement after certain # of seconds
- 40fixedreinforcement after x amount
- 41variablereinforcement after x amount, on average
- 42ReinforcementAny process that increases the likelihood that a particular response will occur
- 43PunishmentAny process that decreases the likelihood that a particular response will occur
- 44Positivestimulus is presented
- 45Negativestimulus is removed
- 46Types of components of operant conditioningpositive reinforcement give reward
negative reinforcement removal of pain
positive punishment give pain
negative punishment removal of reward - 47shapingsuccessively closer approximations to the desired response reinforced until the response finally occurs
- 48Cognitive views of learningS => O => R [O = organism]
O interprets and assigns meaning to S - 49latent learninglearning that is not immediately demonstrated in behavior
- 50cognitive mapsmental representation of the
world - 51Observational learning“social learning”- learning by watching others, imitating others especially when the have social status
Bobo doll experiment kids watch an adult beat up a doll the some saw the adult get punished and other saw it get reward, this effected kids behavior these where to greater than kids who saw and adult be nice to bobo
infants imitates adult parents - 52Language learningover-regularization of verb past tense
regular vs. irregular verbs: jump vs. go
“went” => “goed” => “went”
Around at 4, parents often do not correct over-regularization
Not learn through praise and punishment - 53Misbehavior of animals“instinctual drift”
animal’s behavior drifts towards the response it is biologically predisposed to perform
instinctual behavior can interfere with learning
relationship between response (behavior) & reinforcer (outcome)
Same action such as pecking could learned in different ways when wanting different stimuli - 54Food aversions1-trial learning (avoids after getting ill once)
works up to 24 hr; optimal effect is 1 hr
biologically adaptive behavior
It is based on different sense for each animal - 55Imprintingspecies-specific learned attachment
Learn to attach to a mother
limits of imprinting:
(a) object has to move;
(b) critical period (2 days; 15 hrs optimum) - 56Not all learning is conditioningCognitive processes in learning
– Latent learning & cognitive maps (Tolman)
– Insight (Kohler)
– Observational learning (Bandura)
– Language learning (Chomsky)
Evolutionary / biological constraints
– Misbehaviour of animals / instinctual drift
– Food aversions (Garcia)
– Imprinting (Lorenz) - 57Evolutionary ConsiderationsBiological Constraints
– Misbehaviour of animals / instinctual drift
– Food aversions (Garcia)
– Imprinting (Lorenz) - 58H.MHippocampus was damages stop him learning new explicate information but could learn new Implicit information
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- Psychology Fichas sobre Learning, creado por Isaac Gilbert el 09/11/2021.
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- Isaac Gilbert
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