Fichas
Gender Development
Fichas del conjunto (10)
- 1What is conceptual development?Whenever a child comes across an object they learn to categorise that object.
Concepts of the categories develop and become more complex as we grow older - 2How do children first categorise objects?Based on physical appearance (whether it is a human, animal or inanimate object)
- 3Kohlberg's (1966) Cognitive Development Theory3 stages of understanding
1 = gender identity (2-3 y/o). Confident in categorising boys & girls but don't believe gender is permanent
2 = Gender stability (3-4 y/o). Gender is stable but non-typical appearances causes confusion
3 = Gender constancy (5-6 y/o). Understanding that you can change your appearance but you will still fundamentally be male or female. Also begin to understand gender roles/stereotypes - 4Evidence for gender identity * Campbell et al. (2002) *- Pointing studies (24-28 month olds)
- Children were presented with picture pairs & asked whether they could point to the boy or girl - success rate = 54%
- Shown same sex photo pairs (one being themselves) & asked to point to themselves - success rate = 67%
- Shown male & female toys/activities & asked to point to which is for boys/girls - much lower success rate - 5Evidence for gender stability vs. gender constancy * Slaby & Frey (1975) *- Questions based on either stability or constancy
- Conclusion = by 4 y/o children tend to understand stability but not constancy - 6Evidence for gender constancy * Trautner et al. (2003) *- Participants = 3-9 y/o
- Used questions from Slaby & Frey
- Also shown photos where appearances changed (e.g., man, then a photo of that man in a dress)
- Also completed appearance reality tasks (used to test whether children can distinguish between what it looks like & what it actually is)
- Conclusion = by 5 y/o nearly all children passed the tasks - 7Gender role stereotyping: Household tasks * Poulin-Dubois et al. (2002) *- Participants = 2 y/o
- Children were asked to imitate activities with a doll & props (they were given the choice of a male and female doll for each task)
- Tasks were either masculine stereotyped, feminine stereotyped or neutral
- Girls have an awareness of gender roles at 2 y/o, boys later at around 31 months
- Over 2/3 of the sample were exposed to the stereotyped activities at home - 8Gender role stereotyping: Occupations- Established by 3-4 y/o
- 3-6 y/o girls are more likely to have fixed perceptions: could be influenced by their mothers' work
- Exposure to counter-stereotypical models may reduce these beliefs - 9Gender role stereotypes: Personality & emotion * Parmley & Cunningham (2008) *- 4-6 y/o were presented with a scenario & were asked to label how they thought the character was feeling
- Findings = more likely to perceive the male as angry & the female as sad - 10Gender-typed behaviours: Toys
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- (PS1814 - Intro to psychology) Psychology Fichas sobre Gender Development, creado por Sian Allen el 03/05/2022.
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- Sian Allen
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