10571933
Description
Flashcards by Marissa Alvarez, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Marissa Alvarez
over 6 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| The Axial Skeleton: General Characteristics The axial skeleton it that part of the skeletal system that is at the ____ of the body’s vertical axis. It includes the ___, _____ _____, _____ and _____. As already discussed, the skull and vertebral column _____ the central nervous system, the brain and spinal cord. In addition, the vertebral column is important to _____ and ____. Thus, it has many attachments to _____. The skull has too many functions to recount, but a short list includes: feeding, breathing, seeing, hearing, smelling, and tasting. | center skull vertebral column ribs sternum protect posture, locomotion muscles |
| The Axial Skeleton: General Characteristics The ribs and sternum are also protective to the organs of the _____ cavity. Through their movements they also play an important role in _____ the lungs. There are 5 regions that consist of anatomically distinct vertebrae: _____, _____, ____, ____, and ______. Notice, vertebral column is has several curves. The cervical and lumbar curvatures are ____ from a posterior perspective, while the thoracic and sacral curvatures are _____. | thoracic, ventilating cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal concave convex |
| The Vertebral Column: General Characteristics The vertebral column is composed of about __ vertebrae and the intervertebral discs that are found between them. There are _ regions that consist of anatomically distinct vertebrae: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal. Notice, vertebral column is has several curves. The cervical and lumbar curvatures are ___ from a posterior perspective, while the thoracic and sacral curvatures are ____. | 33 5 concave convex |
| The Vertebral Column: General Characteristics Vertebrae: _____: the weight bearing region of the vertebra. They become ____ in the lower regions of the vertebral column and bear more of the body’s weight. ______ ______: location of the spinal cord _____ and _____ processes: sites of muscle attachments. _____ _____: form joints with articular processes of adjacent vertebrae. ____ movement of vertebral column. ________ ______: above and below the pedicles of each vertebra a notch is carved out that allows for the passage of a _____ _____ | Body larger Vertebral foramen Spinous & transverse Articular processes restrict Intervertebral foramina spinal nerve |
| The Vertebral Column: General Characteristics GUTS Vertebra or vertebrae? Pedicle Lamina Articular Process | Vertebra or vertebrae? Just an ‘a’ is singular; ‘ae’ is pleural. There’s no consensus on how to say these. Try ending the words “bra” (singular) or “bray” (pleural) Pedicle = foot. The pedicle is the foot or base to the arch that surrounds the spinal cord Lamina = plate Articular = referring to a joint Process = any sticky-outy thing in anatomy-speak |
| The Vertebral Column: Cervical Vertebrae ____ cervical vertebra allow great flexibility in the ____. A ____ _____ easily identifies these vertebrae and allows passage of the vertebral artery, a significant blood supply to the brain. | 7 neck transverse foramen |
| The Vertebral Column: Cervical Vertebrae The Atlas and Axis: The first cervical vertebrae (C1) is the ___. It has no vertebral ____, and serves to articulate with the skull. Movement between the skull and C1 is in the sagittal plane (move your head as ___ ____ __). The ___ below (C2) is also unique among cervical vertebrae. It has a projection called the ___ (also called the odontoid process) that fits into the large vertebral foramen of ___. The dens prevents C1 from ____ posteriorly, and allows ____ (shaking your head ‘no’) between C1 and C2. | atlas body when nodding ‘yes’ axis dens slipping rotation |
| The Vertebral Column: Cervical Vertebrae C3-C7: The remaining cervical vertebrae are similar to one another. C7 is often called ‘vertebra _____’ because of its long ____ process. In most people this can be easily identified by palpation. | prominens spinous |
| The Vertebral Column: Cervical Vertebrae GUTs dens Atlas | dens (odontoid) = tooth-like Atlas = In Greek mythology, Atlas was the titan who held up the celestial spheres...like your head |
| The Vertebral Column: Thoracic and Lumbar Vertebrae Thoracic Vertebrae: The most distinguishing characteristic of the __ thoracic vertebrae is their articulation with ___. Small costovertebral joints are formed on the body of the vertebra and on the transverse process. Small cartilaginous pads, ____, mark the articulations. Also distinguishing are the very long ____ sloping ___ _____. | 12 RIBS facets downward spinous processes |
| The Vertebral Column: Thoracic and Lumbar Vertebrae Lumbar Vertebrae: The ____ vertebral bodies are found on the lumbar vertebrae. __ in number, these vertebrae support a large amount of your body’s weight. As such, they have the largest vertebral bodies. They have __ articulation with ribs and have strong, ___, and ___ transverse and spinous processes. | largest 5 no short & stout *no costal facets, articular facets oriented medially and laterally |
| The Vertebral Column: Sacral and Coccygeal Vertebrae The Sacrum: ___ sacral vertebral bodies ___ during development. The superior aspect of the sacrum contains articular processes that connect the sacrum to L5. The spinous processes likewise fuse to form the ___ ____ ___. The transverse processes also fuse producing a pair of large “wings,” the ___. The spinal nerve (cauda equina) travel through the vertebral canal, here called the ___ canal. Anteriorly and posteriorly, the ventral and dorsal rami exit through the 5 pairs of anterior and posterior sacral foramina. The Coccyx __ to __ tail vertebrae fuse to form the ___, the coccyx. | Five fuse median sacral crest alae sacral 3-5 tailbone |
| The Thoracic Cage: Sternum and Ribs The thoracic cage forms a ____ yet rigid structure that is important to the ____ of the lungs and essential in anchoring the borders of the _____. The Sternum: __ components comprise the sternum, the ____, ___, and ____ ____ Most of the ribs attach directly or indirectly to the sternum. The sternal ___ is the line of fusion between the ____ and ____, and can be palpated easily in most people. The xiphoid process can also be felt, although it can be best noted upon inspiration. | flexible ventilation diaphragm 3 manubrium, body, xiphoid process angle manubrium & body |
| The Thoracic Cage: Sternum and Ribs Ribs: Posteriorly, each rib has a ___ for articulation with the costal ___ of a ____ vertebral body. The head tapers to a ___. In this region, a ____ is present that articulates with the costal facet of a thoracic vertebra’s ____ process. Anteriorly, the ribs terminate in a costal ____ that spans the gap to the sternum. Classification of Ribs: ___ ribs: ribs _-_ articulate directly (via their own costal cartilage) with the sternum. __ ribs: ribs _-_ do not directly attach to the sternum. Some connect to other costal cartilages while others do not connect to the sternum at all. The later are often referred to as ____ ribs (ribs _ & _). | head facet thoracic neck tubercle transverse cartilage True 1-7 False 8-12 Floating 11&12 |
| The Thoracic Cage: Sternum and Ribs GUTSs Tubercle? | Tubercle = a bump. A very common osteological term. Don’t forget it! A tubercle is very often the location of muscular attachment |
| The Cranium: Overview of Major Structures One aspect of the skull that we will not spend much time on is the cranial foramina. Should be able to identify: Supraorbital, infraorbital, and mental foramina: CN? Optic canal: CN? Superior orbital fissure: CN? Foramen magnum: ? Internal acoustic meatus: CN? | CN V; sensory nerves to the face CN II nerves/vessels to eye muscles, glands spinal cord CNVIII |
| The Cranium: Overview of Bones and Major Structures Broadly defined, the cranium consists of the bones surrounding the ___, forming the face, the jaws, the middle ear bones, and the ___ bone and laryngeal cartilages. The ___ is that portion of the cranium concerned with protecting the brain and forming the face and jaws. | brain hyoid Skull |
| The Cranium: Overview of Bones and Major Structures Cranial ____ form where adjacent bones fuse during development. In adults, only some of these sutures remain visible. In the fetus, large voids exist at these sutures to allow _____ of the skull, even the overlapping of bones, during parturition. Locate the squamous, coronal, sagittal, and lambdoid sutures. | sutures deformation |
| The Cranium: Overview of Bones and Major Structures Cranial cavity: The brain is housed within the large ___ cavity. Several important structures are worth noting within the cavity: _____ ____: part of the ethmoid bone that allows the passage of CN I from the nasal cavity to the olfactory bulb ____ ____: sitting at the center of the skull, it houses the pituitary gland and the sphenoid sinus, forms the ____ processes for attachment of jaw muscles, and borders the orbit, cranial, and nasal cavities. *It is visible from nearly any internal or external view of the skull!* _____ ____: the part of the sphenoid bone that houses the pituitary gland. Its name means “Turkish saddle” _____ ____: the brainstem exits the skull at this largest foramen (= hole) of the skull ____ _____ _____: a passage for CN VIII from the inner ear to the brain | cranial Cribriform plate Sphenoid bone pterygoid Sella turcica Foramen magnum |
| The Cranium: Specific Regions of the Skull The Orbit: The eye, extraocular muscles, and associated neurovascular structures are housed in the boney structure known as the ____. Note the 6 bones that form the orbit. Oral cavity: The roof of the oral cavity’s hard palate is formed by the ____ and ____ bones. | orbit Frontal, Sphenoid, Zygomatic, Maxillary, Ethmoid, Lacrimal (I'm FELSZ eM) maxillary palatine |
| The Cranium: Specific Regions of the Skull Nasal cavity: The __ nasal cavities are located beneath the cranial cavity, and above the oral cavity. They are separated from each other by a median nasal septum (____ & _____). Nasal ____ are bony spirals that project into the nasal cavities from their ethmoid bone. As air passes through and over these coils during ventilation, it is humidified and ____ by the ample mucous membranes. ______ _____: small cavities within the bones surrounding the nasal cavity. __-filled and lined with mucous membranes, the sinuses are connected to the nasal cavities. | two ethmoid & vomer Conchae warmed Paranasal sinuses Air |
| The Hyoid Bone The hyoid bone is a horseshoe-shaped bone that is ___ articulated with any other bone, but instead ____ below the _____. It is held with ligamentous attachments to the ____ ____ of the skull and to the ____. It is also the attachment of well over a dozen muscles including those of the ____. It’s purpose is to allow for muscular control of ______, _____, and ____ processes. | NOT floats mandible styloid process larynx tongue pharyngeal laryngeal lingual |
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