Depth 2: the pilgrimage of Grace

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A level Tudors Flashcards on Depth 2: the pilgrimage of Grace, created by becky sharrock on 12/10/2017.
becky sharrock
Flashcards by becky sharrock, updated more than 1 year ago
becky sharrock
Created by becky sharrock over 6 years ago
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key word: Reformation began in Europe at start of 16th century. aimed at reforming the abuses of the Roman Catholic Church, ended with establishment of Protestant churches, free from the Pope.
key word: Break with Rome the technical and legal change in the status of the English Church, due to the 'Reformation Parliament' 1529-36. removed power of the Pope in England, but did not end Catholicism. did not inevitably lead to the full reformation
monarchs and their religion: -Henry VII: Catholic -Henry VIII Catholic, then Break with Rome -Edward VI: Protestant (strict) -Mary I: Catholic (strict) -Elizabeth I: Protestant (moderate)
reasons for the Reformation: Henry's desire for a male heir -Primogeniture: male heir crucial to safety and security of the kingdom -Henry had stopped sleeping with Catherine in 1524 after several miscarriages and 2 stillborns
reasons for the Reformation: Henry's desire for a male heir (illegitimate son) -evidence that Henry promoted his illegitimate son, Henry Fitzroy, as the future heir. Made him the Duke of Richmond -Henry knew that his male heir should be from a legitimate marriage-one that wouldn't offend God
reasons for the Reformation: Role of the Anne Boleyn Faction -daughter of Sir Thomas Boleyn, came to England from France 1522 -Henry began to woo Anne in 1526, initially she refused to be his mistress but by December 1532 she was pregnant
reasons for the Reformation: Role of the Anne Boleyn Faction -Anne's tantalising presence at court gave Henry a greater desire to end his marriage to Catherine of Aragon -Henry was influence by Anne Boleyn's acquaintance with a group of reformist writers: William Tyndale, Simon Fish and Christopher St Germain
reasons for the Reformation: State of the Church and Reformist ideas -Anticlericalism: opposition to the Church. widespread dissatisfaction of the Church at a local level, desire for ecclesiastical reform -Luther and other European writer had questioned the legitimacy of the Catholic Church
reasons for the Reformation: State of the Church and Reformist ideas -the Church would not allow Henry to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon, this gave him the opportunity to rid himself of the Church's constraining influence
reasons for the Reformation: Henry's desire for more power -the Church in England had to become the Church of England, the lion needed to be master of his own jungle -monasteries owed allegiances to institutions outside of England, this was bad for Henry, he had a growing sense of xenophobia (dislike of people from other countries)
reasons for the Reformation: Henry's desire for more power -the crown's finances were healthy but Henry was concerned about a Catholic crusade to attack England in the name of the Catholic Church
reasons for the Reformation: Henry's need to increase revenue -financial resources of the church were huge. owned vast areas of land, property and riches -money from Church gave Cromwell the change to free Henry from the need to impose taxation again: a stable economy= a stable monarch
reasons for the Reformation: Henry's own conscience -from the outset, Henry questioned the Pope's authority to rule over his marriage to Catherine. Henry may have been motivated by a real sense of conscience -Henry's growing fear that his marriage to Catherine was against God's law
what post was created for Cromwell? Vicegerent in Spirituals: meant that Cromwell was Henry's deputy in all spiritual and religious matters, even though Cromwell was not a clergyman
reasons why the monasteries were important: -social and economic role in society -hospitals for poor and sick -prayed for soul in purgatory -free education center -copied and preserved old books -local employers and landlords -wealthy -BUT controlled by Catholics/Pope
Valor Ecclesiasticus -surveyed church property to reveal to Henry the wealth of monasteries -1536-47 the dissolution raised £1.3 million
Visitations of monasteries -done by commissioners -find evidence of corruption in monasteries
dissolution of smaller monasteries -Valor and visitations used by Cromwell to justify the 1536 Act of parliament -authorised dissolution of smaller monasteries (worth less than £200 p/year) -destruction: lead taken from rooves and melted, stain glass and images smashed
how the nobility benefited from this -Henry assigned some of the monastery's ornaments and objects to the nobility so that they wouldn't want to reverse the process
key word: enclosure incorporating smaller holdings of land into a larger farm with an area being 'enclosed' with fences/hedged. the large area then used for profitable sheep farming
key word: visitation of the clergy an inquiry that assess the standard of education among the clergy
people's attitude to the church -Catholic service in Latin but was reassuring, incenses, colourful -donations built chapels, money left in wills; 1/10 of income donated -Harvest Festival, Michaelmas, provided a richness to village life, a haven -deep loyalty -short time in purgatory
legal changes that created the English Reformation: 1532 Act in Conditional Restraint of Annates -Henry needed a male heir and so challenged the legality of his marriage to Catherine but couldn't get an annulment -Cromwell said to use parliament to break from the Pope's control -Annates were religious taxes paid by bishops to the Pope. stopped money going to Rome
legal changes that created the English Reformation: Submission of the Clergy -1532 -clergy forced to submit to Henry -clergy couldn't call church parliament without his permission, nor pass church laws without his agreement
legal changes that created the English Reformation: The Act in Restraint of Appeals -1533. Henry needed to speed up the break with Rome, Anne was pregnant and Henry needed a legitimate child -stopped legal appeals in Church court cases going to Rome. the rulers of England had no superior but God -said the Pope had usurped these powers: Imperial Kingship
legal changes that created the English Reformation: *Act of Supremacy -1534. Henry VIII as head of the English church by law. Henry's right came from God not parliament -English subjects and clergy obedient to Henry not the Pope. -enhanced power of parliament, and royal control over the English church
legal changes that created the English Reformation: The Treason Act -1534 -could prosecute those who refused to swear the oath of supremacy as traitors -influential opponents could be executed now e.g. Sir Thomas More and John Fisher
legal changes that created the English Reformation: The Act of Succession -1534. H didn't want people saying that Mary should be queen -said that Henry's marriage to Catherine was not valid and so the heirs were from Henry and Anne, not Mary who was disinherited
legal changes that created the English Reformation: Act for Extinguishing the Authority of the Bishop of Rome -1536 -tied previous acts together -and anyone who defended the power of the Pope would have their property confiscated
The Break with Rome: structural changes to the way the church was run -Henry as head of church -authority imposed from the top, down -undermine the authority of the Pope and catholic church, removed the obedience and loyalty which would challenge Henry -increasing pressure on the localities to obey Cromwell
The Break with Rome: Doctrinal changes -Vicegerency gave Cromwell power over Church, altered its doctrine -Act of Ten Articles 1536. define the doctrine of the new English church, mostly like Catholic beliefs. -number of sacraments needed for salvation of soul went from 7 to 3
The Break with Rome: Appointments -1535 Henry made Cromwell Vicegerent in Spirituals -New bishops appointed who shared Cromwell's religious views e.g. Hugh Latimer
The Break with Rome: The control of preaching in churches -Cromwell set up a propaganda campaign to support the supremacy through preaching in churches -preaching controlled by government licences; clergy ordered to give sermons against the pop and for Henry's marriage to Anne
The Break with Rome: Attacks on traditional religious practices -April 1535, royal letters to all bishops and nobility, ordering them to imprison clergymen who supported the Pope -Cromwell issued Injunctions/instructions to English clergy 1536, attacking traditional catholic practices e.g. pilgrimages, relics, images, saints. Holy Days banned
Opposition to the break with Rome and Henry's response: Problems in Catholic regions of the North -more traditional catholic regions in north England, were reluctant to change -traditional feelings of loyalty at Court in North of England, nobles e.g. Darcy Hussey and Northumberland, who owned estates
Opposition to the break with Rome and Henry's response: Changes to the succession -Princess Mary declared illegitimate (who was Catholic) barred from succession 1534. restoring her to the succession would mean the promise of a return to Rome in the future
Opposition to the break with Rome and Henry's response: Use of parliament to claim the break with Rome had the support of the English people -some people were allowed to vote (males from the right class) for MPs, MPs voted on laws, so the people voted for the Acts -said break of Rome was legal as it had the people's support. those who disobey Henry were breaking the law and could be punished
Opposition to the break with Rome and Henry's response: Use of Acts of Parliament -the Act of Supremacy made provision for an oath to be taken -1534 Treason Act made it possible to prosecute those who refused to swear the oath as traitors
Opposition to the break with Rome and Henry's response: High profile executions -influential opponents of the supremacy executed for treason -e.g. Sir Thomas More (had bee Henry's Chancellor), John Fisher executed 1535
Opposition to the break with Rome and Henry's response: emergence of Catholic faction at court -high profile executions created fear and suspicion. -conservative people at court wanted Catholicism back. members e.g. Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk; Edward Stanley, Earl of Derby; Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland; Thomas, Lord Darcy; John, Lord Hussey -1535-6 court plot to remove Henry for Mary instead
causes of the 1536 Rebellions: The Lincolnshire Rising and the Pilgrimage of Grace: Religion -dissolution of monasteries (trigger) and activities of local government officials -discontent about the general direction of Henry's religious policies, in the hands of reformers e.g. Cromwell and Cranmer -Cromwell's attack on traditional practices e.g. pilgrimages, worship of saints
causes of the 1536 Rebellions: The Lincolnshire Rising and the Pilgrimage of Grace: Religion -rebel demands had a focus on religion, the Pontefract Articles, 9 out of 24 demands were religious -idea that following Catholicism would prepare their soul for the afterlife, undermining traditions threatened their soul in the afterlife; creates fear + anger
causes of the 1536 Rebellions: The Lincolnshire Rising and the Pilgrimage of Grace: Religion -the name 'pilgrimage' suggests a religious motivation, modelling on the peaceful pilgrimage of Catholics -Pilgrims took an oath, reinforcing religious motives -carried banners with the 5 wounds of Christ. showed they were rebelling in God's name
causes of the 1536 Rebellions: The Lincolnshire Rising and the Pilgrimage of Grace: social and economic -north England suffered from social and economic hardship made worse by gov taxes in the 1534 subsidy. meant to be fairer it was controversial, it had been imposed during peacetime -rumours that the gov were planning new taxes
causes of the 1536 Rebellions: The Lincolnshire Rising and the Pilgrimage of Grace: social and economic -subsidy hit the north hard as it happened at the same time as 2 years bad weather and harvest -methods used to collect subsidy caused resentment in north. commissioners inquired into each persons ability to pay, so more gov people in the region
causes of the 1536 Rebellions: The Lincolnshire Rising and the Pilgrimage of Grace: social and economic -some tenants angry at demands of landlords e.g. entry fines and enclosures. enclosures meant some tenants forced off their lands. -but enclosures only in some regions e.g. York
causes of the 1536 Rebellions: The Lincolnshire Rising and the Pilgrimage of Grace: social and economic social and economic factors contributed to the extent of the rebellion; why poorer peasants and agricultural workers may have joined the rebels: most impacted by economic hardship. -however, these issues didn't effect all groups of the rebels e.g nobility/gentry
entry fines and enclosures -entry fine: paid to the landlord when a tenant died and was succeeded by an heir, helped landlords raise money -enclosure: incorporating smaller holdings into a larger farm, enclosing areas with fences/hedges. this land used for profitable sheep farming
causes of the 1536 Rebellions: The Lincolnshire Rising and the Pilgrimage of Grace: political -some northern nobility and gentry involed e.g. Sir Thomas Percy, Lord Darcy, and Lord Hussey. -Historian Elton said the Pilgrimage was a court-based plot to restore Mary and remove Cromwell
causes of the 1536 Rebellions: The Lincolnshire Rising and the Pilgrimage of Grace: political -Earl of Northumberland, did nothing to stop the rebels and surrendered Wressle Castle. He had been in contact with Eustace Chapuys (imperial ambassador for Charles V at Henry's court), closely connected to to conservatives at court
causes of the 1536 Rebellions: The Lincolnshire Rising and the Pilgrimage of Grace: political -Northumberland's brother, Sir Thomas Percy, marched 5,000 men to York. -Darcy and Hussey's support due to their links to Court -Hussey was Mary's chamberlain, was catholic. but claimed to have nothing to do with the rebellion. but his connections led to his execution
causes of the 1536 Rebellions: The Lincolnshire Rising and the Pilgrimage of Grace: political -catholic sympathies of northern nobility + gentry explain some of the article e.g. the repeal of the 1534 Act of Supremacy and the removal of Cromwell and Richard Rich -but some northern gentry were not sympathetic e.g. Earl of Derby and Lord Dacre
causes of the 1536 Rebellions: The Lincolnshire Rising and the Pilgrimage of Grace: political -The Act of Uses 1535. H's attempt to stop landowners from avoiding financial demands made by the king as their feudal overlord. monarch could take guardianship of the tenants lands when the heir was a minor -landowners tried to get around this by creating the effoeffment to uses. but the Act of Uses restricted these to make more money for the crown. several rebels articles mention it+gentry involvement
Enfeoffment to uses a legal device in which a landowner created a group of trustees for their lands and heir. if the property was technically in the hands of someone else when the landowner died, the king could not claim custody of it or any heirs
The Lincolnshire Rising aims and motives -October 1536 -made it clear that they were not rebelling against Henry but blamed his 'evil counsellors' who had misled the king, avoid treason. 'commonwealth' -1534 subsidy-men can't pay -gov intervention in their lives -religious changes
The Lincolnshire Rising key events -Bishop of Lincoln's officer went to Louth to carry out a visitation of the clergy; men worried they might take the church treasure, men guarded it all night -angry about dissolutions so went to Legbourne nunnery and captured the commissioner who was to dissolve it
The Lincolnshire Rising key events -3000 met at Louth, forced commissioners to flee. trouble spread to Caistor and Horncastle -Dr Raynes the chancellor of the Bishop of Lincoln, brought to Horncastle and killed by rebels -petition 9th oct: main issue was dissoltuion, the 'evil counsel' of Henry which were men from low birth e.g. Cromwell, Richard Rich and Cranmer
The Lincolnshire Rising key events -marched to Lincoln. 10,000 men -Lord Hussey and Lord Clinton fled instead of stopping rebellion -groups of rebels met at Lincoln and wrote new set of articles, sent to London -King's army (Duke of Suffolk) only 40 miles, gentry left. the King threatened punishment unless the rebels left
The Lincolnshire Rising key events -rebels knew that fighting was treason -gentry asked Suffolk for a pardon; this angered the commons -rebels persuaded to go home by Suffolk's representative 11th October
The Lincolnshire Rising supporters -started with Nicholas Melton, a shoe maker -vicar of the church at Louth and monks and parish clergy -Lincolnshire gentry. some said they joined in order to control the rebellion
The Lincolnshire Rising threat -gentry, clergy, monks (the church had usually helped keep control by teaching obedience) -10,000 men -happened quickly, and spread quickly, support from all sections of society -discontent with gov
The Lincolnshire Rising not a threat -gentry backed out at risk of treason/ property, more to lose -Suffolk convinced them to go home -Yorkshire commons not ready, Lincolnshire rebels ignored a letter from Yorkshire telling them to delay -only Lincolnshire commons, not spread -rebels loyal to Henry, didn't want to challenge his rule
The Pilgrimage of Grace aims and motives -1536 -anger at the dissolution of small monasteries -anger at religious reforms -concern over social+economic results of dissolution on the poor -enclosure + rent rises -1534 subsidy -gov attack on church privileges
The Pilgrimage of Grace main events -10th oct; East Riding of Yorkshire at Beverley -11th: N.Riding of Yorkshire rose and captured Barnard Castle; joined Aske at York -16th: East Riding had 10,000 followers; took city of York. Westmoreland rebellion
The Pilgrimage of Grace main events -Aske's proclamation stating the peaceful intentions, + the protection of the church -York rebels restored 2 religious houses -19th: captured port of Hull and Pontefract Castle. Lord Darcy had tried to defend the castle but reluctantly joined the rebels after writing a letter to the king. 4 rebel hosts went to Carlisle but no support
The Pilgrimage of Grace main events -21st: rebels take Skipton Castle; Henry Clifford trapped -less successful in Lancaster, the Earl of Derby stayed loyal to Henry largely due to the power Henry had given him in Lancashire, North Wales and Cheshire. meant local gentry stayed loyal too
The Pilgrimage of Grace rebel/gov negotiations -Duke of Norfolk outnumbered by rebels so asked for a meeting 27th Oct at Pontefract -Rebels had a list of 5 articles. 2 representatives to take it to the king, a truce would be agreed. but henry's response was an angry letter
The Pilgrimage of Grace rebel/gov negotiations -rebels drew up 24 complaints to give to Norfolk. -6th Dec, 2nd meeting at Doncaster -Norfolk granted request for Kings pardon, a promise for a parliament to be held in North England, and negotiations on the monasteries
Pilgrimage of Grace Threat -9 rebel hosts in the north -30,000 men, well trained fighters -only 8,000 gov army -Duke of Suffolk dealing with Lincolnshire -Henry's overconfidence meant he had sent home a second army -nobility and gentry -well organised, Aske as leader. -developed quickly -potential support from Catholic countries
Pilgrimage of Grace no threat -after King's pardon many went home -Aske believed Norfolk/Henry -rebels didn't want to remove Henry -Rewarded men e.g. Earl of Derby and the Cliffords who repaid him with loyalty
Pilgrimage of Grace supporters -nobility, gentry, clergymen, monks, commons -Robert Aske -Lord Darcy (converts) -Lord Hussey -Lord Latimer (N.Riding) -Robert Bowes (N.Riding, lawyer) -Sir Thomas Percy -6 abbots, 38 monks, 16 parish priests executed for treason
Bigod's Rising Motives and aim -Jan 1537 -some Pilgrims realised Henry had tricked them. Duke of Norfolk stayed in London. -Rumours that Henry wasn't going to keep his promises; he was planning revenge
Bigod's Rising Events -captured Beverly -planned to take Scarborough+Hull -only a few 100 rebels joined him and Hallum -Bigod captured in Cumberland 10th Feb 1537, executed 2nd June
Bigod's Rising Events -renewed unrest in W.Riding of Yorkshire, Cumberland and Westmoreland. -commons feared gentry were going to turn against them -attacked Carlisle but put down by Sir Christopher Dacre's force 16th Feb
Bigod's Rising government response -gave Henry an excuse of executions -Norfolk sent to suppress north rebels -Carlisle rebels hung, executions in Cumberland -gentry had changed side e.g. Robert Bowes conducted trials, and others put down risings: to prevent personal punishment
Bigod's Rising executions -at least 144 executions -Sir Francis Bigod -Lord Hussey -Robert Aske -Sir Thomas Percy
Robert Aske summary -Catholic -gentry, layer: helped him lead -too idealistic and accepts the lies of Norfolk/King as true -persuades rebels to trust Norfolk, despite their suspicions -not involved in new risings -too naive
Bigod Summary -Yorkshire gentry -Protestant. wanted clergy as head of Church not Henry. -implemented Cromwell's reforms but captured by rebels so joined them -John Hallum came to him, started rebellion 16th Jan, only 200 supporters -captured 10th Feb, executed 2nd June -didn't share religious beliefs of men he was leading
Cromwell summary -protestant -reinforced Henry's supremacy -purged rival claimants through rebellion -used rebellion to close large monasteries -Abbotts who closed 'voluntarily' given pensions, those who resisted were killed -imposed injunctions on clergy -English Bibles -Norfolk and Gardiner caused his downfall 1540
Norfolk summary (role in the suppression) -saw rebel army was stronger but took til early Dec to convince Henry to negotiate -even asked Cromwell for help (enemy) -suggested parliament in north, gave more rearming time -go-between for Henry and rebels -his rank and position in court persuaded Aske that he could be trusted
Norfolk summary (role in the suppression) -Henry hadn't said he could negotiate on monasteries but he did -said monasteries would e formally surrendered to king, but would be restored until parliament met -This convinced the rebels to accept Norfolks promise and go home -defeated army 4x bigger, no violence
Norfolk -wealthy, powerful, conservative -against Cromwell -loyal to Henry -Practical realist: more to gain than lose by serving Henry -Received former monastery land as a reward
Henry summary -was convinced of his supremacy and that every subject owed his obedience -reaction to rebellions was to reject their demands e.g. wrote Lincolnshire rebels a letter threatening severe punishment unless they dispersed
Henry summary -thought same tactics would work with Pilgrimage of Grace. showed his outrage and mentioned none of their petitions except showing them mercy, except the ringleaders who would be executed -but underestimated them as this only spurred the rebels on
Henry summary -Henry persuaded by Norfolk to ask for negotiation with 300 rebel reps. -didn't address articles, left it to Norfolk -promised rebels petitions but never in writing so was able to go back on his word. kept very vague
Henry summary -promised northern parliament but no date so could delay discussion of controversial issues e.g. dissolutions -helped by Aske who trusted Henry -still wanted to punish ringleaders in Dec, shows his true aim was revenge on the disobedient
key Catholic figures -Sir Thomas More: executed 1535, had been Henry's Chancellor -John Fisher exec.1535, bishop of Rochester -Lord Hussey, Lord Darcy, Henry Percy, Princess Mary, Edward Stanley, Thomas Howard
Henry's men -Cromwell, Vicegerent in Spirituals -Duke of Suffolk -Duke of Norfolk -Thomas Legh and Richard Layton (Commissioners in the Valor)
extent of the repression in 1537 northumberland earl of Northumberland who had wavered wasn't executed but was persuaded to make Henry VIII his heir, putting the Percy estates in royal hands
extent of the repression in 1537 clerics leading religious leaders executed: Sedbar, abbot of Jervaulx, and William Thirsk of Fountains Abbey
extent of the repression in 1537 Norfolk and Cromwell -Norfolk executed 74 of the rebels who had attacked Carlisle 1537 -Cromwell took a personal role in Aske's interrogation, found new evidence, used to argue that Aske was guilt of new treason not covered by the 1536 pardon -Aske hung in chains, afterwards his body was left in chains as a warning
extent of the repression in 1537 Thomas Miller -royal agent who was loyal in 1536 and had helped negotiated with the Pilgrims but hanged for treason in 1538 after pointing out to the rebels that they had military advantage
extent of the repression in 1537 Margaret Cheyney -mistress of Sir John Bulmer who had been pardoned in the 1536 rebellion -Bulmer summoned to Court 1537 he panicked and tried to plot a rebellion, M tried to make him leave the country. this led to both being accused of treason, Margaret had a woman's punishment of being burnt at the stake
extent of the repression in 1537 -Henry and Cromwell reorganised the Council of the North 1537, some of the first members were former pilgrims e.g. Robert Bowes. but resentment of policies still in the north.
extent of the repression in 1537 1541: a plot to kill the president of the Council of the North and capture Pontefract Castle, this was put down by the Council. -Henry went on a progress to York 1541 -these measures pacified the north until rebellion of 1569
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