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Flashcards

immunology

Ninette Rodriguez Veterinary Medicine English 62 cards

immunology

Cards in this deck (62)

  1. 1to defend body from invasions by pathogens and to MINIMIZE damage caused by pathogensimmune system
  2. 2immune system includesthymus, bone marrow, WBC, lymph nodes, spleen tonsils, and other
  3. 3its mostly general and non specific, it defends the body against the FIRST exposure to an invading pathogen. ACTS IMMEDIATELY. LACKS MEMORYINNATE IMMUNITY
    (mission is for rapid elimination of the pathogen) * it relies on pathogen structure and chemical diff. from normal animal tissue
  4. 4what are the physical barriers?INTACT SKIN
    (if broken, microbes can invade)
    SELF CLEANING
    ( like urinating)
    COMMENSAL BACT.
    ( living on us, have adapted well on body surfaces)
  5. 5in Innate immunity, there are CELLS and MOLECULES that have specific jobs what are they? ** promotes inflamm. & the Adaptive imm. response activation systemCELLS
    Detect invaders, eat them, kill them, and kill virus infected cells
    MOLECULES
    Bind & kill invaders, coat them so cells can kill them, blocks microbial growth, prevents spreading, starts body defense.
  6. 6types of cells*Macrophages
    *Dendritic cells
    *Mast cells
    -PMN's
    -Natural Killer
  7. 7*Macrophages *Dendritic cells *Mast cells What kind of cells are these??Sentinel cells
    (the dendritic cells are related to macrophages present in skin)
  8. 8MORE ON MOLECULES they are involved in ?Antimicrobial peptides & proteins
    &
    Complement system
    ( a cascade of proteins that kill invaders by building a membrane attack complex)
  9. 9the sentinel cells alerts other cells by ?putting things on its surface, they also release PROTEINS called CYTOKINES, which signals other cells for backup and INITIATES the Adaptive immune system
  10. 10innate immune system leads to ?INFLAMMATION
  11. 11AGAIN the innate immunity involves?Barrier
    proteins /peptides
    Sentinel cells
    complement ( proteolytic cascade)
    *innate is rapid acting, can be overwhelmed and does not improve
  12. 12Roles of Complement? **a proteolytic cascade,- made in liver, and is in plasmaROLES
    1. STIMULATES PHAGOCYTOSIS by PMN and macrophages,
    2. form the MAC on the microbe
    * membrane attack complex,
    3. release chemical mediators for inflammation,
  13. 13what is inflammation?a localized protective response of tissue damage , started by the INNATE. Begins immediatly.
  14. 14MAJOR FUNCTIONS of inflammation?1. dilutes/destroys/seperates injurious agent and damaged tissue from the rest of body.
    2. gives access to defensive substances that normally live in blood stream, access to the site of tissue damage
  15. 15ACUTE INFLAM. RESPONSE include 3 occurances1. BLOOD FLOW- vasodilation/increasing b.f to the area
    2. EXUDATION OF SERUM MOL- leakiness of capillary; fluid and cells move into interstitial space
    3. MIGRATION- leukocytes leave bloodstream to resolve the problem
    Chemotaxis - are the cells (WBC) FOLLOWING cytokines
  16. 16First WBC to arrive when theres injury?Neutrophils, then it transitions to monocytes/macrophages in 48 hours
  17. 17Signs of inflammation ?Rubor = redness
    Tumor=swelling
    Calor=warmer/heat
    Dolor= pain
    * all these changes come from cytokines released by damaged tissue or from the innate
  18. 18inflamm. is triggered by..?chemical mediators released by injured tissues and migrating WBCs
  19. 19some chemical mediators vary when it comes to the inflamm. process, but they often include...?-histamine(causes the vasodilation)
    -Prostaglandin
    -leukotrienes
    -serotonin
    -bradykinin
    *serotonin, bradykinin are similar to histamines causing v.d & other effects
  20. 20note! Histamines are meant to be in localized areas, NOT spread through out the body = ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCKkeep going
  21. 21when a mast cell has been sensitized by lets say- an allergen, what happens to the mast cell?it degranulates, releasing cytokines, or histamine
  22. 22whats are the Eicosanoids?Prostaglandin & Leukotrienes
    =
    Create signs of pain
  23. 23how are the Eicosanoids (prostaglandin & leukotrienes ) created?They are created by ARACHIDONIC ACID.
    This is a fatty acid found in the body which is the progenitor of the Eicosanoids; it comes from the phospholipid bilayer, and certain enzymes act upon it to create the eicosanoids.
  24. 24just a fact. When you take Advil , it inhibits the production of prostglandin = no more pain! *most prostaglandin arrive during times of inflamm.*just keep swiming...
  25. 25a specific IMMUNE response to a particular substance that the body recognizes as foreign or "NOT-SELF"Acquired (adaptive) immunity.
    works against a SPECIFIC pathogen
    & it doesn't fully develop until its been exposed to that specific pathogen
    * improves with exposure but its slow and rarely overwhelmed
  26. 26Acquired is splint into..Cell Mediated & Humoral Immunity
    cell mediated= B and T cells , refers to viruses in cells
    Humoral= in the blood refers the production of antibodies
  27. 27any substance which is capable of inducing a specific immune response, usually a large protein that is recognized by cells of the acquired immune systemANTIGEN
  28. 28traps and PROCESSES ( breaks it down) the antigen, presents the antigen on the outside of its surface so immune system cells can recognize .?Antigen presenting cell.
    * Macrophages, Dendritic Cells/Langerhans
  29. 29Humoral Immunity B cell recognizes antigen, gets activated and starts to _______?proliferate to Plasma cells or memory cells. Plasma cells give off antibody. T helper cells help the B cells become activated proliferation begins..
  30. 30—Antibodies are created to a specific antigen and its put into circulation
    IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE    Antibodies are created to a specific antigen and its put into circulation IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE
  31. 31* First antibody to appear in serum about 7-10 days after initial antigen exposure. 1. ___________binds to the antigen that INDUCED their formation, FORMING the antigen/antibody COMPEX?immunoglobulin
  32. 32the __________ is the section of the antibody that is 'different' or unique to the antigen, everything else is the same.variable constant or regionthe __________ is the section of the antibody that is 'different' or unique to the antigen, everything else is the same.
  33. 33Most abundant Ig (antibody) in serum, its predominant is passively transferred by mom to offspring. LONGEST time in circulationIgG
  34. 34antibody first produced on INITIAL exposure to antigen. 2nd most prevalent antibody in serum, but its the LARGEST ig. with 5 groups ?...IgM
  35. 35located on mucosal surfaces, major ig in the external secretions on non non-ruminants, produced in body surfaces , prevents adherence of invading microbes to body surfaces ..?igA
    * this is how Bordetella vaccines work, oral vaccines stimulate IgA in the mucosal surface of dogs
  36. 36role has not been identified. mainly found attached to B cellsIgD
  37. 37in low concentrations in serum, and triggers acute inflamm.by binding to Fc receptors on mast cells and basophils * Mediates type 1 hypersensitivity reactions *involved in parasitic worm immunity SHORTEST 1/2 LIFE (2-3 days)IgE
  38. 38eliminates abnormal cells and intracellular organisms, it is triggered by endogenous antigens , mediated by T cells also forced apoptosis ( cell death) of infected cells by cytotoxic T cellsCell mediated Immune Responseeliminates abnormal cells and intracellular organisms, it is triggered by endogenous antigens , mediated by T cells also forced apoptosis...
  39. 39a state of altered reactivity in which the body reacts with an EXAGGERATED immune response to what the body thinks as a foreign substance??Hypersensitivitya state of altered reactivity in which the body reacts with an EXAGGERATED immune response to what the body thinks as a foreign substance??
  40. 40occurs in genetically susceptible individuals, commonly called ALLERGY or ATOPY, its a form of acute inflammation . Results from interaction of Ag with mast cell bound igE causing mast cell degranulation, clinical signs depend on how ( the route) the allergen enters the body, MASSIVE system release of inflamm. molecules by mast cells= anaphylaxisType 1 Hypersensitivity
  41. 41in terms of microflora, there are e2 threats facing an animal..?1. exclusion of commensals
    2. suppression of inflammation
  42. 42benefits of microflora?1. exclusion of pathogens
    2.development of lymphoid organs
    3. regulate of B & T cells
  43. 43NOTE if theres an absence of normal flora, invading pathogens face no competition, so they have a chance to colonize and invade.
  44. 44antibody is DIRECTED at normal cells , AG-Ab complexes activate complement and cell mediated cytotoxicity= cell lysisTYPE II hypersensitivity
    * immune system is recognizing a self tissue as an antigen, and therefore creating antibodies against it - this is what happens with IMHA
  45. 45with hyper sensitivity type II, Ab is bounded to Ag which activates complement, then the complement forms the membrane attack complex or M.A.C. this is called________?Complement Mediated Lysis
  46. 46When an Ab is bounded to Ag of a target cell, Natural killer/ macrophages bind to Ab on target cell and LYSES the cell. This is called?Cell mediated Lysis
  47. 47Antibody -antigen complexes are DEPOSITED in LARGE amounts IN tissues= inflammation. -because of this it serves as a feature of many viral diseases ex. blue eye in adenovirus 1 glomerulonephritis pneumonitisHypersensitivity Type III
    in summary, antigens are floating in the blood and it will get into tissue and cause inflamm. to that area. If it lands at the level of the glomerulus = glomerulonephritis
  48. 481) T cell mediated Hypersensitivity- can occur with self OR exogenous antigens. Principle immune response for intracellular pathogens, which is effective for invaded cells? 2) two types of T cell Mediated Hypersensitivity ..?1)Type IV hypersensitivity
    2) DELAYED TYPE- T helper cells secrete cytokines and activated phagocytes
    &
    DIRECT CYTOTOXICITY- Cytotoxic T cells recognized host cell surface as pathogen and kill the host cell :(
  49. 49with Type IV, its associated with_________?Contact dermatitis & tuberculin reactions
    *may take 1-2 days to develop
  50. 50mediated by T cells, caused by M.tuberculosis infection or Intradermal tuberculin injection, gives a red swelling at the injection site, inflammation begins 12-24 hours post injection and peaks by 24- 72 hoursTuberculin Reaction
  51. 51really pruritic; chemicals that are reactive, and bind to skin proteins, which then act as hapten*, LANGERHAN cells present Ag and activate T-h cells > then activates cytokines, = kills altered cells & intraepithelial vesicles ?Allergic Contact Dermatitis
  52. 52—* weal and flare ( hives)* weal and flare ( hives)
  53. 53Passive VS. ActivePASSIVE
    Artificial: antisera, antitoxin
    Natural: transfer of mom's Ig via transplacental and colostrum.
    ACTIVE
    Artificial: vax
    Natural: Infection
  54. 54Why do we give more that 1 vaccine to a puppy ?we give more than 1 injection to maximize the immune response. When they contact the DZ, the immune system is ready with minimal delay. The point is we are trying to capture the moment in which the passive ig from mom wears off. and at the same time giving the immune system memory.
  55. 55What are 2 types of vaccines?INACTIVATED/KILLED
    * consists of virus or bacteria grown in culture then killed- proteins are intact, so it will be recognized by the immune system, dominated by t cells
    MODIFIED LIVE
    *attenuation- reduction of virulence, however it still enters the cell and replicates
    dominated by cytotoxic t cells
  56. 56LIVE vs KiLLEDLIVE
    few boosters required, stimulates both humoral and cell mediated response= longer lasting protection, less chance for hypersensitivity. adjuvant is not required, can cause DZ.
    KIILLED
    more doses needed, stimulates humoral immunity- shorter duration, increase possibility for hypersensitivity, adjuvant needed, easy to store , will not spread to other animals, save for the immunocomprimised
  57. 571. testing for antibodies to reflect the presence of an infectious agent ? 2. determine specific cell types of infectious agents w/in a histopathology sample?1.Serology- enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA),
    immunofluorescent assay (IFA)
    2. histopathology- immunohistochemistry
    *we can steal the immune system's technology and use it in diagnostic tests routinely *
  58. 58indirect approach to diagnosing infection based on host's immune response POST exposure , interpretation does not ALWAYS provide definite diagnosis?serology
  59. 59more on serology... sources of antibody include?-Convalescent (still be present) ab after exposure
    -ab due to exposure with no occurring Dz.
    -active immune response due to recent vaccine
    -passive transfer of maternal ab
  60. 60more on serology... samples needed for diagnoses 1. acute 2.convalescent 3. seroconversion 4.IgM 5. IgG1. early in DZ
    2.taken at a later time
    3. super increase ab titer, due to recent antigenic stim.
    4. recent exposure
    5. exposed weeks/months prior
  61. 61—ELISA TEST
    whenever there are color changes occurring, thats evidence that there antibody present in the animal    ELISA TEST whenever there are color changes occurring, thats evidence that there antibody present in the animal
  62. 62—immunofluorescence Assay
    direct= looking for presence of antigen in sample
    indirect= looking for patients antibody    immunofluorescence Assay direct= looking for presence of antigen in sample indirect= looking for patients antibody

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Veterinary Medicine Flashcards on immunology , created by Ninette Rodriguez on 06/12/2017.
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