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Flashcards

leukocytes

Ninette Rodriguez Veterinary Medicine English 51 cards

leukocytes

Cards in this deck (51)

  1. 1the leukocytes arePolymorphonuclear: Neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils
    Mononuclear: lymphocytes, monocytes
    Eos=pink
    Baso=purple
  2. 2avian red blood cells are?nucleated
  3. 3blood cell formation and differenciationhematopoiesis
  4. 41.what is in bone marrow ? 2. where are lymphocyte precursors? 3. what are the tissue leukocytes?1. leukocyte precursors
    2. lymph nodes, spleen, thymus
    3. neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, mast cells
    * leukocytes are also found in blood circulation
  5. 5neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are ________? they also play a role in host defensegranulocytes
  6. 6capable of division w/in tissue and recirculate b/w lymphatics & bloodLymphocytes
  7. 7transforms into histiocytes or MACROPHAGES , capable of mitosis, do their jobs in host defense and die?Monocytes
  8. 8also plays a role in host defense and diemast cells
  9. 9heterophils?the granulocyte of the avian species
  10. 10job of the neutrophil?*recognize inflam signals
    *leave circulation
    *migrates through tissue to fight bacteria
    *neutralize
    they phagocytize
  11. 11NEUTROPHIL POOLS 1. Maturation: generally 7 days, under inflam response, can be 2-3 days ? 2. transient for 5-10 hours? 3. where it performs its function1. bone marrow
    2. blood stream
    3. tissue
    * needs to replaced frequently
  12. 12BONE MARROW 2 pools of maturation for neutrophils ?mitotic: liferation & maturation
    1. Myeloblast, 2. promyelocytes, 3.myelocytes
    Post mitotic pool: maturation and storage
    4. Metamyelocytes, 5.bands, 6.neutrophils
  13. 131. CNP : circulating neutrophil pool ? 2. MNP: marginal neutrophil pool?1. free flowing in blood
    2. adherent to endothelial cells of capillaries
  14. 14Tissue Consumption Rate?there is a balance with the # of neutrophils that are maturing and leaving bone marrow with the amount being consumed in the tissues
  15. 15ABNORMAL NEUTROPHIL CONCENTRATION - left shift ? -Neutrophilia -neutropenialeft shift- related to the presence of BANDS ( immature neutrophils )
  16. 16increased concentration of BANDS in the blood , hallmark for acute inflamleft shift
    caused by : glucocorticoids (stress) ,
    viral or bacterial
  17. 17neutrophilia with increased bands?regenerative left shift
  18. 18left shift w/o neutrophilia ( normal rage, or neutropenia). an inability for the b.m to PRODUCE mature neutrophils ?degenerative left shift
  19. 19any extreme inflam leukocytosis that is leukemia like but proven not..?leukemoid response
    ie. pyometra, pleuritis, pyothorax
  20. 20morphologic abnormalities that indicate inflam - abnormal nuclear and cytoplasmic * includes: less condensed chromatin, blue-gray cytoplasm, Dohle Bodies, Vacuolation and foaminesstoxic change in neutrophils
  21. 21increase # of hyper segmented neutrophils , they are generally older cells (aging), 5 or more lobesRight shift
  22. 22hypo segmentation affecting ALL granulocytes , chromatin is dense but NOT segmented. known in AUSTRALIAN SHEP. DSH LITERSPelger Huet Anomalyhypo segmentation affecting ALL granulocytes , chromatin is dense but NOT segmented. known in AUSTRALIAN SHEP. DSH LITERS
  23. 23large eosinophilic lysosomes in the cyto, affects leukocytes, melanocytes, & platelets, known in blue persians . bleeding tendency can occur bc of the platelets being affectedChediak Higashi Syndromelarge eosinophilic lysosomes in the cyto, affects leukocytes, melanocytes, & platelets, known in blue persians . bleeding tendency ca...
  24. 24causes of neutrophilia1. inflam- tissue response to trauma
    2. excitement response- adrenaline response, epinephrine
    3. stress/glucocorticoid- cortisol out of adrenal cortex
  25. 25inflammation w/ neutrophiliayou see band neutrophilia, regenerative, with left shift
    * bone marrow exceeds consumption
  26. 261- if there is an inflam event, there are signals that goes to blood vessels causing the circulating neutrophils to MARGINATE 2. capillaries dilate and become leaky 3. at the same time signal goes to bm, sending out immature & mature wbc. (neutrophils and bands)yas
  27. 27*EXCITEMENT RESPONSE is a physiologic response, there is a _____________ with catecholamines mobilizing from MNP TO CNPpseudo-neutrophilia
    * happens in healthy animals of course, in cats especially , you can see other wbc increased, such as lymphocytes
  28. 28STRESS/GLUCOCORTICOID * raising glucose with it this is a physiologic STRESS response. Occurs in response to ?1.systemic illness
    2. Metabolic disturbance
    3. pain
    corticosteroid release= pituitary>ACTH>adrenal... cortisol release
    this affects leukocytes
  29. 29classic stress leukogram in DOG . increase, decrease, increase, decrease *not ALL elements need to be present ...>can be: neutrophilia & monocytosis
    or
    lymphopenia & eosinopenia
    ****no bands present bc its stress we will see mature neutrophils
  30. 30NEUTROPENIA CAUSES has to do with INCREASE CONSUMPTION? & DECREASE PRODUCTION?-inflammation
    - margination/endotoxemia
    -Peripheral destruction
    --------------------- & ------------------------
    stem cell injury , ineffective production
  31. 31INFLAMMATION an inflam neutropenia can be from ?-severe inflam
    -overwhelming tissue demand
  32. 32MARGINATION/ENDOTOXEMIA Endotoxin neutropenia can come from ?gram neg bacteria, releasing endotoxins= this causes rapid shifting of neutrophils from CNP to MNP
  33. 33PERIPHEREAL DESTRUCTION neutropenia? lastly, STEM CELL INJURY ?immune mediated - neutrophils are being phagocytiszed my macrophages
    ________________________________
    *decrease production from marrow necrosis, immune mediated or infectious causes. ALL cell lines are affected, bc of all the stem cell precursors . Neutrophils go missing first bc of the short life (5-10 hrs), can be permanent or irreversible.
  34. 34reversible stem cell injury ? Irreversible?viruses : parvovirus, panleukopenia
    toxic: chemotherapeutics, phenylbutazone
    Feline leukemia ( put its DNA in stem cell) myelofibrosis, neoplasia
  35. 35if theres an ineffective production, theres a DISORDER that prevents Maturation of __________ __________ in the bone marrowneutrophil precursors; they die before they are released
  36. 36types of lymphocytes?B & T lymphocytes
    b= humoral, antibody production from plasma cells
    t= cell mediated immunity; helper T, memory T, cytotoxic
  37. 37helper T? Memory T? Cytotoxic T?1.helps other cell activate; responds to an immunogenic stimulus
    2. recognizes the antigen
    3. can identify foreign invaders
  38. 38destroys tumor and virus infected cells , and ab dependent cellular toxicity, helps increase the inflam process nearby - no chemical signaling needed, they can recognize the antigen potential on forignersNatural killer
  39. 391. mature in bm in most mammals; proliferate in lymphoid tissue: lymph nodes, spleen and peyer's patches ( ileum) 2. mature in thymus; accumulates in lymph nodes, in peyer's patches in jejunum1.b lymphocytes
    2. t lymphocytes
  40. 40majority of lymphocytes reside in these locations:Lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, BM, GALT (gut) , BALT (bronchi)
  41. 41recirculation is UNIQUE with leukocytes. The primary route is ?efferent duct of lymph node
    * recirculation promotes antigen sensitization of naive lymphocytes & detection of transformed cells
  42. 42seen in circulation, when activated cyto looks bigger& darker blue. has varying nuclear shapereactive lymphocytes
  43. 43an immature form of lymphocyte, way more cyto MUCH larger than reactive lymphocyte. NEVER seen in circulation unless there was a possible cancerous conditionLYMPHOBLAST
  44. 44Causes of lymphocytosis?excitement, lymphoproliferative neoplasia, chronic antigenic stim, even age.
    ______________________________
    lymphoproliferative neoplasia= leukemia;
    you will see EXTREME lymphocytosis.
    Even morphology depends on the type...
    *CHRONIC lymphocytic leukemia- slow developing over time with some signs.
    *ACUTE lymphoblastic leukemia- VERY SICK animal.
    * lymphoid leukemias
    when we think of leukemia we want to identify the cell type, & if it acute or chronic
  45. 45NOTE Note leukemia is a retro virus- virus inserts in the host cell which can alter how certain genes are expressed= cancer...
  46. 46Causes of lymphopenia 1. acute inflam 2. steroid/stress 3. other uncommon causes1. increase margination and emigration TO tissues, or retention of lymphocytes in Lymph nodes.
    2. MOST COMMON, or shift out of CP
    3. depletion, lymphoid hypoplasia, lymphoma
  47. 47share a common biopotential stem cell with neutrophils, continue to develop into macrophages and dendritic cells - helps stimulate t helper cellsmonocytes
    ** monocytosis can occur in with a acute/chronic inflam, steroid/glucocorticoid, and neoplastic
    monocytoPENIA- is un common
  48. 48rarest leukocyte in circulation of avian species. promotes inflam in asthma, and allergic DZ , binds to IgE and releases contentsEosinophil
  49. 49circulating 1/2 life in blood of 6 hours, serve similar function as mast cells, its granules will release in times of inflambasophils
  50. 50hematologic responsesinflam,
    stress response= steroid response
    excitement=physiologic ( catecholamines, fight or flight response)
    * catecholamines, are causing mvmt of leukocytes from mp to cp , so there will be an increase
  51. 51—

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Veterinary Medicine Flashcards on leukocytes, created by Ninette Rodriguez on 13/12/2017.
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