12931236
Description
Flashcards by Alinta Kalns, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Alinta Kalns
about 6 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What can you use a blood smear for? | Platelet clumps + estimated counts Estimating WBC concentration RBC density ID parasites Verify automated results |
| Which tube + anticoagulant would you use for blood smears? | EDTA - compatible with stains - preserves cell morphology Must be filled correctly + used immediately |
| How would you store both the blood sample and blood smear? | Blood sample - refrigerate or store in cooler with ice bricks (wrap in paper towel) Blood smear - in glass slide carriers (NOT in cooler!) |
| What stains are commonly used for blood smears? | Wrights or DIff-Quick stains - Fixative, eosin dye, methylene blue dye |
| What order do you look at a blood smear in? | 10 x smear quality evaluation 100 x platelet count + morphology 10x WBC count 100 x WBC differential count 10 x RBC arrangement 100 x RBC morphology |
| What do you look for in 10 x quality scan? | Assess body, monolayer, and feathered edge - look for platelet clumps, parasites, abnormally large cells, and WBC clumps - Pick optimal monolayer area |
| How do you calculate platelet count? | Count 3-10 fields and find the average/field Multiply the average by 20 <3 platelets/HPF or 30-60 x10^9/L = spontaneous bleeding 10 platelets/HPF minimum for health |
| Which species is prone to having platelet clumps? | Cats |
| How do you count WBCs? | Count average of 3-10 fields Divide average by 4 |
| What are you counting in WBC differential count and how? | Neutrophils + BAND neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, lymphocytes Battlement technique |
| What are reactive lymphocytes? | Active - increased immunoglobulin |
| Describe eosinophils from different species | Horse - mulberry look Cat - rod-shape granules Dog and cow - normal granules |
| What is the biggest leukocyte in circulation? | Monocytes |
| List species in descending order of having RBC central pallor | Dog > cat > ruminants |
| What is rouleaux, and which species is prone to it? | Stacking fo RBCs due to the charges between RBC and plasma macromolecules Horses |
| What increases rouleaux? | Hyperglobulinemia Hyperfibrinogenemia |
| How can you differentiate rouleaux from agglutination? | Immerse in saline (dilute out plasma macromolecules) |
| What is basophilic stippling and what can it indicate? | A normal finding in ruminants, RBCs contain basophilic granules Can be non-specific indicator of regeneration |
| What is agglutination? | Clumping of RBCs due to Ag presentation and antibody bonding - immune mediated haemolytic anaemia |
| What is anisocytosis and which species is it normal? | Variation in RBC size Cattle and cats |
| What is polychromasia and what is it indicative of? | Increased basophilia of a cell due to higher nuclear/protein content Indicative of regeneration - Polychromatophils/reticulocytes |
| What is hypochromasia and what is it indicative of? | Increased central pallor and/or paler RBC - Iron deficiency |
| What are microcytes indicative of? | Iron deficiency (haemoglobin deficiency) Porto-systemic shunts |
| What are macrocytes indicative of? | Regeneration Neoplasia Artifact - overheated sample |
| What is the term for abnormally shaped RBCs? | Poikilocytes |
| What are specific indicators of regeneration? | Polychromatophils/reticulocytes |
| What are non-specific indicators of regeneration? | Anisocytosis Basophilic stippling Metarubricytes |
| How do you calculate the absolute reticulocyte count? | Reticulocyte count = no. reticulocytes/1000 RBCs Absolute count = reticulocyte count x [RBC] x 1000 |
| What are the aggregate reticulocyte serum levels in dogs and cats that indicate regeneration? | >60-80 x 10^9/L dogs >50 x 10^9/L cats |
| Differentiate aggregate from punctate reticulocytes | Aggregate are early-stage reticulocytes and have more reticulant in them; punctate are more mature reticulocytes Punctate seen in cats with mild or chronic anaemia |
| What can punctate reticulocytes be confused for? | Mature RBCs, Heinz bodies (oxidative damage), Mycoplasma infection |
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