Flashcards
Protest and progress, 1960-75
Cards in this deck (70)
- 1What happened at Greensboro on 1st February?Four black students in North Carolina waited to be served at a segregated lunch counter in the Woolworth department store
- 2What happened to the students?They were asked to leave by staff but refused. They held a 'sit-in' and stayed in the store until closing time
- 3Why did they stay?They wanted to create publicity that would make Woolworth department store end their segregation policy
- 4What happened the following day?25 students arrived to join the sit-in
- 5How many students was there by the 4th and who were they?There was 300 students and they were both black and white
- 6Why and when did the Greensboro store desegregate?They desegregated in July because of a loss of earnings and disruption to business
- 7What did organisations do as the sit-ins continued?CORE and the SCLC sent experienced campaigners to train the students in non-violent protest
- 8What other organisation was formed due to the sit-ins?The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee was formed on 15th April 1960
- 9What did SNCC students cope with?They coped with hostility and harassment such as being sworn at, spat at and pushed around
- 10What are the key principles of non-violent direct action?Demonstrate peacefully and visibly
Don't rise to provocation
Show your opponent as the violent oppressor - 11Why was the people who went to the sit-ins significant?Some white southerners joined CORE and SNCC and by the end of 1960, campaigners in the sit-ins were more mixed racially and were no longer just students
- 12How did media coverage help the Greensboro sitins?Positive news reports resulted in support from black and white Americans from the North and South. This led to nation-wide demonstrations to challenge segregation
- 13Why did organisations help the sit-in movement?Existing organisations meant structures were already in place that helped the sit-ins to spread quickly
- 14What did the supreme court rule from 1960?They had previously desegregated state transport but in 1960, they ordered the desegregation of bus station facilities
- 15What did CORE activists do in 1961?They organised bus journeys from the North to the Deep South to test whether desegregation was in place. It's aim was to create negative media of segregation so the federal government would be forced to act
- 16What happened to the first bus that arrived in Anniston, Alabama on the 15th May?They were attacked by over 100 KKK members. The passengers managed to escape before the bus exploded
- 17What happened to the SNCC freedom riders on the 17th May?No driver would continue the journey from Birmingham as there was a threatening crowd of segregationists confronting them
- 18What happened the the bus on the 20th May?A police escorted them to just outside Montgomery, where they had to defend themselves against a white mob. They attacked and beat the riders
- 19What happened to the bus that reached Jackson, Mississippi?They were arrested and the federal government didn't protect them
- 20How many more rides were they throughout the summer?There was 60 more Freedom Rides and over 300 riders jailed. Many were assaulted by police whilst in custody
- 21How did the federal government intervene?On 1st November, the federal government threatened to use federal officers to enforce desegregation if they refused to desegregate bus station facilities
- 22Why did they intervene?They wanted an end to the violence and the Freedom Rides. Southern states began to desegregate bus facilities and there were no more Freedom Rides
- 23Who was James Meredith?Meredith applied to the University of Mississippi as the NAACP brought a successful court case that made the courts tell the university to admit him. However, this was ignored
- 24What happened on 30th September with Meredith?Federal troops escorted him on campus where 3000 segregationists attacked them. Rioting broke out and many were injured.
- 25Why was Meredith finally registered?He was registered on 1st October but continued to need armed guards
- 26Why did the SCLC choose Birmingham as their place to protest?It was completely segregated
The police chief - 'Bull' Connor- had a reputation for provoking violence
Black Americans had regularly been attacked there - 27What happened during the Birmingham campaign?There was peaceful marches, sit-ins, boycotts and public meetings. Hundreds were arrested, including young children
- 28What did Bull Connor do after the jails were full?He ordered the use of water cannons and dogs to deal with the protesters. This gained supportive media for civil rights.
- 29What did SCLC plan for Washington?They planned the March on Washington in 1963. More than 250,000 people took part, 40,000 of which were white Americans.
- 30Why was the march significant?The march was peaceful and broadcast worldwide
Martin Luther King mad his famous 'I have a dream' speech - 31What did SNCC and CORE set up for the summer of 1964?They set up the 'Freedom Summer' which was aimed to boost voter registration in Mississippi
- 32Why was it important?Most volunteers were white students from a respectable background. It would make violence against them newsworthy
- 33What did they do there?They ran voter registration classes to teach black locals about passing the voting test
17,000 black Americans tried to register but only 1,600 were accepted - 34What was the opposition to this?The KKK burned crosses and set fire to black people's homes and churches
- 35What happened to three activists in Mississippi in June 1964?They were murdered on 21st June 1964 by a Klan lynch mob near Meridian, Mississippi
2 of the activists were white - 36Why were these murders significant?The 'Mississippi murders' showed the levels of hatred that Klan members used to stop integration
- 37What did President Kennedy do for civil rights?He selected black people for high-level jobs, including Thurgood Marshall
He backed the introduction of new civil rights laws. He became committed to the cause because of the violence from segregationsists
He sent federal troops to the University of Mississippi - 38What did President Johnson do for civil rights?He continued to appoint black people to high-level jobs, including Patricia Harris as a US ambassador
he urged Southern politicians to support the Civil Rights Act
He supported the 1964 Civil Rights Act and the 1965 Voting Rights Act
He intervened to escort protesters marching from Selma in 1965 - 39What did the 1964 Civil Rights Act rule?It forced school desegregation
Governments could stop federal funding of state projects that promoted inequality
No discrimination in voting registration tests
Banned discrimination in public spaces and interstate businesses
Banned employment discrimination
Set up Equal Employment Oppurtunity Commision - 40What did the 1965 Voting Rights Act rule?Introduced a standard voting registration process across USA, controlled by the federal government
States could introduce new voting rules after federal approval
Federal officers would take over voter registration in states with less than 50% failed to register - 41What happened in Selma?on 7th March, 600 people set out to march 54 miles from Selma to Montgomery to publicise the right of black Americans to vote.
- 42How did state troops stop protesters?They used tear gas, clubs and cattle prods. It was reported worldwide
- 43Why was Johnson forced to interveneA second attempt to march was unsuccessful and after it, a local white group murdered a white civil rights activist
- 44What did Johnson do?He placed Alabama state troopers under federal control and ordered them to give safe passage to the campaigners. This led to a successful march on 21-24 March, with 25,000 protesters
- 45Who was Malcolm X?He was a key figure in the fight for civil rights. He believed he would achieve this by 'any means necessary'
- 46Why did Malcolm X hold these beliefs?White racists killed his father whilst he was a child
he was involved in crime and drugs in his youth and went to prison - 47Who are the NOI?The Nation of Islam was a group that mixed ideas from Islam with those of black seperatism. They argued that black and white people should live seperately. He believed white Americans couldn't help black Americans achieve equality
- 48What happened to Malcolm X before his death?He went on a pilgrimmage to Mecca that made him believe integration might be possible. He left the Nation of Islam after he began to challenge their views
- 49How was Malcolm X murdered?He was assassinated by members of the NOI in 1965
- 50What happened during Malcolm's change of attitude?He created his own religious group called Muslim Mosque, Inc
The NOI began to send him death threats
He worked with other groups to set up the Organisational of Afro-American Unity, which aimed to unite all people of African descent to achieve political and economic independence from white Americans - 51What was Black Power?A group of civil rights activists who were more radical and disproved of non-violent methods
- 52Why did Black Power reject non-violence?The results were too slow and didn't have enough impact
Integration relied on black Americans fitting into a white society that had treated them badly - 53What were their ideas?They demanded change to improve the position of black Americans rather than asking white Americans to change it
They believed self-defence was justified
They wanted black Americans to feel pride in their heritage - 54What was their campaigning like?They focused on wider social issues of poverty and unemployment
they got involved in wider campaigns like the anti-war movement - 55What did Stokely Carmichael create?He created the Lowndes County freedom Organization as a party to concentrate on issues most affecting black americans
- 56Why was Carmicheal's job as chairman if SNCC significant?He wanted a more radical approach to equality. They campaigned in the north, particularly in poor Northern ghettos
- 57What was the March Against Fear?It was a 220 mile march in Mississippi in June 1966. On the second day, the walk's organiser, James Meredith, was shot and injured
- 58How did King and Carmichael's views clash?As King and Carmichael took over control of the march, King argued for non-violence but Carmichael called for Black Power
- 59What are the Black Panthers and when were they formed?The Black Panther Party for Self-Defense was set up in 1966 by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale
- 60What did they believe?They believed black people needed black officials and black police to support the community
- 61What did they do?They had a radical 'ten-point plan' for transforming society, including the end of capatilism, free healthcare and the end of all wars
They carried guns for self defense and tape recorders for police harrassment
They set up breakfast clubs for black children and provided free shoes and medical services - 62How many riots was there between 1964-1967There were 329 major cities in 257 northern cities.
- 63Why did the riots begin?They began in July 1964 because a policeman shot a young black man. It was also due to the ghetto conditions.
- 64What did the Kerner report find about African americans?The riots were due to poor living conditions and the failure to respond to complaints about them
It found that African Americans should be listened to. - 65What did the report find about the police and money?It found that policing during the riots made things worse
Money provided for improved living conditions and oppurtunities had not been spent on planning improvements, just on police - 66Why did King's move north in 1966 fail to appeal to the people in the North?The local mayor of Chicago agreed to discussions and sounded reasonable but didn't act
Riots broke out which didn't help their cause of NON-VIOLENCE
King's criticism of the USA's involvement in Vietnam meant the president was no longer supportive of him - 67What happened after King's death?There was rioting to his death on 4th April 1968.
Many white Americans related to King. His death increased white opposition to black demands
many black Americans became more radical as they were increasingly impatient
Civil rights groups lost funding - 68What did Nixon's presidency do for civil rights?Increased training for black people to set up businesses in black areas
Favourable tax terms to white-owned businesses that expanded into black areas
More black officials in the white house
He portrayed improving civil rights to white voters as a means to control the riots, rather than it being their entitlement
He patronised black Americans by presenting the promotion of black home ownership as a way to stop black Americans destroying property - 69What were the problems with economic civil rights?The campaigns didn't see a reduction in economic inequality. The gap between the richest and the poorest in the USA still depended on race
- 70What new legislation did federal government introduce?The 1970 Voting Rights Act banned state literacy tests
The 1975 revision to the Voting Rights Act included other racial minorities
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- GCSE History (Civil Rights and Vietnam) Flashcards on Protest and progress, 1960-75, created by Jack Rogers on 27/03/2018.
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