Flashcards
Lecture 12 - Parasites and climate change
Cards in this deck (49)
- 1What are the two most important reasons for the spread of plant pathogens?1. Introduction
2. Weather - 2List four ways that global warming will affect vector-bourne diseaseIncreased vector development
Prolonged favourable conditions
Increased winter survival
Increaed geographical range - 3In what decade began the pole-ward shift of pests?1960s
- 4List 3 caveats to the pole-ward shift of pathogens1. Richer countries detect pathogens sooner
2. Agricultural varieties have increased range of hosts
3. Geographical barriers such as the Sahara desert may effect southward movement - 5Why do countries at greater latitudes have to increase surveillence?Greatest productivity per area
- 6Why will rate of mortality also increase in pathogens due to global warming?Increased number of their predators
- 7Give an example of which warmer winters will negatively effect the parasite and where will this occur?Nematodes
Temperate areas - 8Give an example of which global warming will positively effects pests and where will this occur?Larvae
Colder climates - 9When are ewes most susceptible to blow fly strike and why?During the spring and summer because of their wet/soiled fleeces
- 10How can the susceptibility of blowfly strike be reduced?sheering
- 11Why are lambs more susceptible to blow fly strike after sheering?Growing fleeces and GI nematode infections
- 12What effect does global warming have on the presence of blowfly?Strikes occur earlier in the year and the blowfly population will be larger
- 13What can be done to prevent earlier blow fly strikes?Sheer sheep earlier i.e. early April
- 14How does the medium risk model predict prevalence of malaria in 2050?Increased risk for 23 million people
- 15How does the high-risk model predict outcome of malaria in 2050?Decreased risk for 25 million people
- 16List 3 animals affected by bluetongueMostly common in fine-wool sheep
Also ruminents like white-tailed deer
Sporadic in cattle - 17List 5 symptoms of bluetonguefever
depression
lameness
oedema of lips
conjunctivitis - 18List four outcomes of BTDecreased fertility
Decreased milk-yeild
Weight loss
Wool break - 19What cells of the sheep does the virus infect intitially?Mid gut cells
- 20After replication where does the virus relocate to?Haemocoel
- 21After that, where does the virus infect and replicate?salivary glands
- 22What is meant by the term extrinsic incubation period?Time from ingestion to the salivary glands
- 23How is the blue-tongue spread?vector-bourne
midges - culicoides - 24What type of virus is BTV?DS-RNA
- 25How many RNA segments does BTV have?10
- 26What 3 structure make up the viral shell?sub-core, outercore, and outercapsid
- 27What structural proteins make up the outercapsid and determine the serotype?VP2 AND VP5
- 28How many serotypes of BTV are there?24
- 29What process can cause antigenic shift in BTV?Genetic reassortment
- 30Name three species of culicoide midges and where they are distrubutedC.imicola - Africa
C.sonorensis - N.America
C.brevitarsis - Australia - 31What enzyme largely controls the time between blood meal and a new infection?RNA Polymerase
- 32What is the optimum temp for this enzyme?30 degrees - few days
- 33What happens to the course of infection over winter?Infection stops
- 34What is the name given to the emergence of parasitism after its disruption during winter?overwintering
- 35Where and when was BTV first described?1905 in South Africa
- 36What year and where was the non-African outbreak?Cyprus 1943
- 37Before 2005, what was the most severe outbreak of BTV in southern Europe?1956 - Iberia
180 000 animals died - 38What 5 serotypes are present around the Mediterranean basin?1,2,4,9,16
- 39What was the traditional vector for BTV?c.imicola
- 40What species were isolated from traps in Italy?C.pulcaris
C.obsoletus - 41Which countries successfully implemented a vaccine against which strain of BTV?SPAIN AND PORTUGAL
BTV-1 - 42What serotype caused the first ever outbreak in northern europe and where?serotype 8
netherlands - 43How was this outbreak stopped?Winter of 2007 haulted transmission
- 44Give 2 reasons thought to be the cause for the BTV-8 outbreak?Movement of infected animal or vectors
Illegal african vaccine was used containing live virus - 45What event occurred that lead to a new outbreak of BTV in June 2007?Virus overwintered in Germany
- 46What was the economical burden of the BTV?60000 farms affected
costing >150 million euros - 47What allowed UK to be declared BTV-8 free in 2008?They opted for the attenuated BTV vaccine
- 48Give four reasons why the BTV-8 outbreak was so disastrousNever seen BTV or traditional vector before
Very mild climate
Lax vaccination attitude
No programme monitoring Culicoides - 49List two other diseases spread by cullicoidesEpizootic haemorrhagic disease
African horse sickness
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- Degree Parasitology Flashcards on Lecture 12 - Parasites and climate change, created by Thalia Groom on 03/12/2014.
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