Flashcards

Bacteriology: Final Flashcards

MRaythe SGUSVM Professional English 942 cards

Cards in this deck (942)

1Farcy is what?cutaneous form of Burkholderia mallei (glanders)
26 bacteria likely to be treated with TCs? (see other card set)Yersinia, Franciella, Brucella, Leptospira, Borellia, Chlamydophila (Tetracyclines-- francis and bruce plague me, they wont lept me alone, i dont like them because theyre boring and have chlamydia)
34 bacteria UNlikely to be treated with TCs? (see separate card set)Salmonella, Burkholderia, Camphylobacter jejuni, H. pylori (salmon dont like when you camp because you hold off their fun and give them ulcers)
48 bacteria which can cause abortion? (see separate card set)salmonella, histophilus somni, actinobacillus equuli, Taylorella equigenitalis, brucella, campylobacter, leptospria, Coxiella burnetii
55 mastitis causing bacteria?Klebsiella pneumoniae, Mycoplasma bovis, Mycoplasma agalactiae (goats MAKePS), E. coli from coliform mastitis, Mannheimia haemolytica (sheep blue bag)
6what does Klebsiella pneumoniae cause in horses? cows? dogs? Birds?H-metritis (horses feel like theyre getting a club up their vag), C-mastitis(feel like their udder is being beat by a club), D-UTI/otitis. B-resp. infection, septicemia, diarrhea
7(How do you treat klebsiella pneumoniae?gentamicin and amikacin in horse; polymyxin in cow mastitis (kleb the horse in the vag until it yells ""GA!", but clubbing a cow in the udder just mixes them up- theyre not very bright)
8(virulence factor of klebsiella? what kind of pathogen are they?)thick mucoid capsule. opportunistic commensal of GIT
9non-specific to host species of salmonella?typhimurium
10if i say typhoid, you think...salmonella
11(name host for Salmonella...Cholerasuis, Pullorum, Galinarum, Typhi?)pigs, chicks, adult birds, humans only
12What is salmonelosis?cyanosis of extermities/ destruction of capillaries
13symptoms of salmonella?Diarrhea in enteritis; fever, depression, death in septicemia, with ABORTION!! in pregnant females, salmonelosis
14best way to control salmonella? tx?prevent exposure (reduce stress, avoid oral Abs) give septic horses antiserum IV, give gentamicin or TMS for systemic dz (I don't want to not be gentle, but there are Too Much Salmons)
15is there a vx for salmonella?no good vx
16what does Proteus vulgaris/mirabilis cause, in who?UTI in dogs, wound infection in mult species (proteus takes advantage of your lost proteins (wounds) and its vulgar going up the urethra)
17tx of proteus?Sensitivity tests req, usu susceptible to enrofloxacin or gentamicin ( Ge I love proteins)
18(what does Proteus vulgaris/mirabilis look like in culture?)swarming
19Dz (general) of Yersinia pestis? affects who?THE PLAGUE! humans and feline, sometimes dog FROM a cat
20Dz's (specific) of Yersinia pestis?Bubonic: enlarged lymph nodes, fever. Septicemic: acute, gangrene. Pneumonic: follows septicemic form, lung infection.
21how is yersinia pestis spread?rodents and fleas
22tx of yersinia pestis?TCs and chloramphenicol, flea control, rodent control
23if you are treating a cat for yesinia pestis, when do you send it home?NOT UNTIL FULLY RECOVERED
24(Yersinia enterocolitca causes what? in who? carrier?)enteritis in dogs and humans, swine is a common carrier
25What does shigella cause, and in who? how?NOT SHIGELLOSIS! DYSENTERY! It affects PEOPLE!! Shiga toxin produced.
26Pseudomonas aeruginosa causes what in...all? dog/cat? horse? sheep? mink? rabbits? snakes?ALL GET WOUND INFECTIONS. dog and cat= otitis/UTI/keratits pneumonia. Horses=genital infection, ulcerative keratitis. Sheep=fleece rot/green wool dz. mink=hemorrhagic pneumonia. Rabbit= Blue fur dz. Snakes= necrotic stomatits.
27what causes ulcerative keratitis+ genital infection in horse?Pseudomonas aeruginosa (green horse eyes rotting out)
28what causes fleece rot/ green wool dz in sheeps?Pseudomonas aeruginosa (rotting green- and psuedomonas is green.
29what causes hemorrhagic pneumonia in mink?Pseudomonas aeruginosa (bleed green from mink noses)
30what causes blue fur dz in rabbits?Pseudomonas aeruginosa (turns things green or blue apparently)
31what causes necrotic stomatits in snakes?Pseudomonas aeruginosa (snakes are green like this bacteria. lol)
32What kind of pathogen is Pseudomonas aeruginosa? predisposing factors?opportunistic following injury. can be a saphrophyte. predisposing= burns
33are there vx for pseudomonas? what is the tx?Vx for mink; prevent predisposing factors (stress, wet, etc); oral gentamicin or amikacin; topical polymyxin B. for external otitis enroflox. and silver sulfa diazine. (The only time Ami was Gentle with me was when I got pseudomonas--my mind was mixed up for sure)
34what causes glanders? in who?horses, Burkholderia mallei
35what does Burkholderia mallei cause? in who? where?horses, glanders. erdicated in N. america, it's in middle east/africa
36how do you test for glanders?intrapalpebral mallelin test.
37how do you treat glanders? Vx?No tx; euthanize; no vx
38what does Actinobacillus ligniersii cause?Wooden tongue
39what is wooden tongue caused by?actinobacillus ligniersii
40what causes Sleepy foal dz in young foals?actinobacillus equuli
41what causes shigellosis in older foals?actinobacillus equuli (NOT SHIGELLA)
42what does actinobacillus equuli cause?sleepy foal dz in young foals, shigellosis in older foals, also septicemia in young foals
43how do you treat actinobacillus equuli?gentamicin and tetracyclines (sleepy shigellosis septicemia GeT out!!!) (cant be sleepy on a biCYCLe)
44how is actinobacillus suis transmitted? how do you treat it?mom to baby via umbillicus. Tx: Autogenous bacterin vx may help; treat w/ ampicillin and TMS (pigs say: "Too Much Shit? Actinobacillus Amps me up!")
45what does Pastuerella multocida cause in bird, cattle, rabbit, pig, dog, cat?bird= fowl cholera. cattle= hemorrhagic septicemia/pneumonic dz. rabbit= snuffles. pig= atrophic rhinitis and pneumatic dz. dog/cat= wound infections
46what causes snuffles? in who?in rabbits, caused by pastuerella multocida (snuffle because allergic to the plants in the pasture)
47what can cause atrophic rhinitis in pigs?pastuerella multocida (and bordetella bronchiseptica!)
48what causes hemorrhagic septicemia in cattle, and where is this often (world location) a problem?pasturella multocida in tropics. (of course the cows would bleed out in a pasture)
49what causes fowl cholera? where in the world is this a problem, and how is it transmitted?pasturella multocida. wild birds infect domestic flocks in N america (cauliflower pastures)
50is pasturella multocida zoonotic?possibly zoonotic if bitten or scratched by dog or cat (pets come in from the pasture and scratch you-- oh no)
51what does Mannheimia haemolytica cause in cows? sheep? dogs/cats?cows= shipping dz. sheep= blue bag mastitis. dags/cat= NOTHING.
52what causes shipping disease in who? symptoms?Mannheimia haemolytica. cattle. Pneumonia, dyspnea, septicemia, death. **cranial ventral lobe of lung most affected
53what causes blue bag in who?Mannheimia haemolytica. sheep. acute mastitis (maneheim steamroller rolled over their bag)
54virulence factors of mannheimia haemolytica?Capsule, endotoxin, and leukotoxin
55is there vx for mannheimia haemolytica? tx?Subunit vx (NOT for sheep or goat); oxyTC, TMS, ceftiofur, or florfenicol if no live vx; reduce transport stress (steamroller is on OXYs...the TMS ceftflower) (the steamroller moves in CYCLES) (weird, you can vaccinate against a steamroller)
56Are there vx for pasturella multocida? for who?vx partially effective in cattle; live attenuated vx in water for cholera; bacterin vx for pigs. Note- for cattle vx, strains depend on geographic area
57Francisella tularensis affects what animals to cause what diseases? where in the world is it a problem?rabbits= Tularemia/rabbit fever, esp dangerous to cats, deer fly fever... endemic in N Amer wildlife, esp rabbits. Opportunistic.
58what causes rabbit fever?francisella tularensis
59vx for Francisella tularensis? tx?NO! tx= TCs, fluoroquinolones; tick control; prevent hunting by dogs, cats; MLV for humans at risk (TCs Tuleremia)
60is Francisella tularensis zoonotic?yes (my neighbor Francis got Francisella)
61what does Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae cause, in who?Contagious pleuropneumonia-pigs (ACT like a PIG, get pneumonia)
62how do you treat Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae?Bacterins decrease mortality; tiamulin; neg test for new pigs before introduction to herd. If not early, cull. (Drink some tia if you got pneumonia--but if it's too late, you're dead anyway)
63what does Haemophilus parasuis cause? how common is this?glassiers dz in pigs-- emerging dz means it is becoming more common
64what causes glassiers dz?haemophilus parasuis (around (para) the pig is glass-which it eats and then bleeds out)
65vx for glassiers?Bacterins in problem herds (you can vaccinate against glass? also weird.)
66what does Histophilus somni cause? in who?ITEME (Infectious Thrombo-Embolic Meningo-Encephalitis), resp dz, abortion-cattle (sleep items--or sleep tiems)
67what causes ITEME?infectious thrombo-embolic meningo-encephalitis. caused by histophilus somni.
68tx for ITEME? is there a vx?OxyTC early; test bulls and monitor herds; vx ONLY reduces morbidity and mortality (ITEME TCs) (you can vaccinate against an item!)
69what does Taylorella equigenitalis cause?CEM (contagious equine metritis)
70what causes CEM (contagious equine metritis)?taylorella equigenitalis
71How do you test for CEM?Repeated cultures (at least 3 times) and PCR
72is there a vx for CEM? what is the tx?No vx, chlorhex irrigation, ampicillin, gentamicin, penicillin, test stallions (get infected in their GAP lol. I'd feel hexed too if i had to get a douche of meds--esp if there was no Vx to prevent it in the first place, which is why they cull them in japan)
73is CEM zoonotic? where is it?NOT zoonotic (you wont get sick from touchin the horse pussy). Canada free, us rare, CULL IN JAPAN.
74what does Bordetella bronchiseptica cause?dogs= kennel cough. pigs=atrophic rhinitis. cats=bronchopneumonia.
75what causes kennel cough?Bordetella bronchiseptica
76symptoms of kennel cough for dogs? pigs? cats?DOGS=Weightloss, coughing, retching for 2-3 wks; PIGS=AR: +/- P. multocida (AR may also have P. multocida) (Bordetella and pasturella rhyme) CATS= cyanosis, death in young cats.
77tx for kennel cough? is there a vx?TMS, TC, or enrofloxacin if cough is persistent; vx (combo) available (I thought I TET you better, vaccinate those puppies before boarding them!)
78what does Bordetella avium cause?turkey coryza (Cory the Turkey was BORED)
79what does Moraxella bovis cause?pink eye/IBKC (infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis)
80what causes pink eye/IBKC in cattle?moraxella bovis
81how is moraxella bovis transmitted? virulence factors?transmitted by flies; UV light and tall grass perpetuates dz. HAS PILLI!!!
82Is there a vx for IBKC? how can you help avoid getting it? medicine? who do you esp. want to be mindful of?Pilus vx= piliguard; protect diseased animals from sun and dust; control flies; penicillin or parenteral oxyTC. Almost always vx preg cows (so in colostrum) (pink biCYCLe with a PEN attached)
83Campylobacter fetus venerealis causes what in who?cattle, Endometritis, abortion
84is there a vx for Campylobacter fetus venerealis?yes (you can avoid camping)
85what does C. coli cause? in who? how does it spread?Enteritis-humans. poultry carry but not affected ( eating Chicken Coli)
86what does Lawsonia intracellularis cause? in who?Porcine intestinal adenomatosis (PIA)--- garden hose gut.
87what causes PIA (porcine intestinal adenomatosis)? aka?aka garden hose gut. caused by lawsonia intracellularis (I pia out my garden hose DICK. Then i got arrested because whipping it out in public is breaking the law)
88is there a vx for PIA/lawsonia intracellularis? what is the tx? prevention?MLV oral vx in US decreases morbidity (who would have thought youd have a vaccination against a garden hose...lol); tylosin and gentamicin to treat; tylosin proph in feed (To defeat the garden hose you TY it into a knot, dont be GENTle)
89Helicobacter causes what in who? how is it transmitted?Gastric ulcers in primates (H. pylori); gastritis in cats/dogs (H felis) (H. heilmanni) all three cause gastritis in cats. people get it by kissing cats.
90how would you treat helicobacter?Metronidazole, amoxicillin, clarithromycin or TC + bismuth (you could get an ulcer from eating a big MAC, and you try to feel better by going cycling and eating bismuth)
91what does Brachyspira hyodysenteriae cause?swine dysentery (did you call me a swine? HYYYOOOO)
92what causes swine dysentery? how do you treat it?Brachyspira hyodysenteriae. tx= tylosin. Can get SPF (specific pathogen free) herd by antibiotic treatment. (i say HYOOOO to tyson, last week he brach his hand)
93how is swine dysentery/brachyspira hyodysenteriae spread?can survive up to 2 months on feces-contaminated fence. (no wonder you can get dysentery from everything in oregon trail)
94what does Borrelia burgdorferi cause? in who? xmitted? main symptoms?lyme dz in DOGS AND HUMANS. xmitted by ticks. mostly polyarthritis. (Lyme dz in the burgs, yo)
95how do you diagnose borrelia burgdorferi? how do you tx? is there a vx?Hx of tick bites, serology. VX=Bacterin (old) or ospA vx (new); doxy for 4 weeks; tick control. Earlier the tx, the better. (Lime goes with T-Cilla aka tequilla--I'll need 4 after this exam)
96what causes lyme dz?borrelia burgdorferi
97Fusobacterium necrophorum causes what? in who?Calf diphtheria; bovine ruminitis-liver abscess complex (BRLAC); foot rot-sheep
98do you treat yersinia with TCs?yes
99do you treat franciella with TCs?yes
100do you treat brucella with TCs?yes
101do you treat leptospira with TCs?yes
102do you treat borellia with TCs?yes
103do you treat Chlamydophila with TCs?yes
104do you treat salmonella with TCs?no
105do you treat burkholderia with TCs?no
106do you treat Camphylobacter jejuni with TCs?no
107do you treat H. pylori with TCs?no
108does salmonella cause abortion? mastitis?abortion
109does actinobacillus equuli cause abortion? mastitis?abortion
110does histophilus somni cause abortion? mastitis?abortion
111does Taylorella equigenitalis cause abortion? mastitis?abortion
112does Taylorella equigenitalis cause abortion? mastitis?abortion
113does brucella cause abortion? mastitis?abortion
114does campylobacter cause abortion? mastitis?abortion
115does leptospira cause cause abortion? mastitis?abortion
116does Coxiella burnetii cause abortion? mastitis?abortion
117does Klebsiella pneumoniae cause abortion? mastitis?mastitis
118does Mycoplasma bovis cause abortion? mastitis?mastitis
119does Mycoplasma agalactiae cause abortion? mastitis?mastitis
120what causes foot rot in sheep? HOW is the foot caused to rot?fusobacterium necrophorum. Foot rot caused by protease which is an enzyme that breaks down protein of foot
121what causes calf diphtheria?fusobacterium necrophorum (diptheria- dead- necro)
122what causes BRLAC?fusobacterium necrophorum (DEAD-"NECRO" LIVER)
123what does BRLAC stand forbovine ruminitis-liver abscess complex
124tx for fusobacterium necrophorum? vx? virulence factors?footrot-keep off wet pasture, vx may help, trim feet and bathe in chlorhex solution, pencillin and streptomycin injection (foot rot so bad itll strep the PENis right off your body), zinc sulfate in feed. LONG PILLI + protease which is an enzyme that breaks down protein of foot
125what does Chlamydophila psittaci cause?Avian chlamydiosis/parrot fever/psittacosis
126what causes Avian chlamydiosis/parrot fever/psittacosis?Chlamydophila psittaci
127how do you tx Chlamydophila psittaci? Vx? is it zoonotic?TC to treat ALL CHLAMIDIA!!!. NO VX. zoonotic
128what does Chlamydophila felis cause? tx? vx?Conjunctivitis-cat. Vx reduces severity; treat w/ TC eye ointment (TCs for all chlamidia) ( Cats Clamydia Conjunctivitis)
129what does Bartonella henselae cause? in who? tx?CAT SCRATCH FEVER (dz). HUMANS and rarely dogs. doxy or enrofloxacin to clear infeciton and azythromycin (cat scratch is controlled by the DEA) (ran over a cat with my biCYCLE and got smitten with cat scratch)
130what does brucella abortus cause? in who? virulence?abortion in cattle, RARE in horse. 100% VIRULENCE!
131are brucella zoonotic?YES! all but B. ovis are. (Bruce got brucella and Francis got Franciella)
132who does B. abortus, B. melitensis, B. ovis , B. canis, and B. suis affect?cattle (horse rare), goat, sheep, dog, pig
133if I say brucella, you think...abortion (+orchitis, epididitis, etc)
134how do you treat brucella canis? vx??No vx (why its stillsuch a big deal), treated with doxy and streptomycin (bruce has a doxin with strep, she got sick because of the stress of her abortion)
135resivour for leptospira?rats are reservoirs and can shed bacteria throughout their lifetime
136how do you control leptospira? is there a vx? tx?rodent control. old bacterin type vx, new subunit vx for dogs (vx should contain Ags of local serovars). tx with penicillin and TC! (vaccinate against lepto with a spiral shaped needle. tx TC (should know this from other set) and spiral shaped pen too)
137tx for leptospira?penicillin, streptomycin, TCs; doxy to eliminate carrier state (LepTospira Tetracyclines. also penicillin because i have a pen shaped like a spiral)
138where does leptospira like to hang out?KIDNEY
139is leptospira zoonotic?yes
140leptospira symptoms(/ species) for cow/pig?Fever, anemia, icterus, hemoglobinuria, infertility, abortion/weak offspring (L. hardjo for cows) (L. pomona and L. icterohaemorrhagiae for cows AND pigs). **pig= leptospira+erysipelas vx
141leptospira symptoms(/ species) involved for dog?Acute: fever hemorrhages, icterus, death (L. icterohaemorrhagiae). Less acute: anemia, anorexia, hepatitis, fever (L. icterohaemorrhagiae). Uremic: chronic interstitial nephritis causing oliguria, anuria, renal failure (L. canicola)
142leptospira symptoms involved for cat?VERY RARE infection, dz not seen
143leptospira symptoms(/ species) involved for horse?Uncommon; abortion, periodic ophthalmia → blindness (“moon blindness”) (L. bratislava)
144What causes moon blindness? in who?HORSES, from leptospira (bratislava) (bratwurst in your eye will make you blind)
145leptospira symptoms in humans?rare orchitis and flu-like symptoms
146describe appearance of mycoplasma, how do you stain it?lack cell wall, giemsa stain, pleomorphic-- fried-egg appearance, spiral or filament
147how do you treat mycoplasma?TC*, tylosin, erythromycin, tiamulin, lincomycin, spectinomycin, enrofloxacin
148is there a mycoplasma vx?for gallisepticum, and M. hyopneumoniae
149what are the main organ targets for mycoplasma? which ARENT?resp, joints, mammary, urogenital. DOES NOT DO WOUND INFECTIONS
150what does mycoplasma cause in cows? (what species of bact?)contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP), AND calf pneumonia, AND mastitis/genital infections. Caused by M. bovis (mostly) (but could be M. dispar or M. mycoides mycoides)
151what causes CBPP? in who?in cows (contagious bovine pleuropneumonia)
152how do you treat the various diseases caused by m. bovis?CBPP= cull. Mastitis= cull. Genital infections= intrauterine TC + oral ABs in semen extender. (calf pneumonia= florfenicol and tilmicosin)
153what does MAKePS stand for? who does it affect? what causes it? who do you tx it?(mastitis, arthritis, keratitis, pneumonia, septicemia) in goats. M. agalactiae. TC, cull mastitis animals
154what does M. agalactiae cause? in who? tx?MAKePS (mastitis, arthritis, keratitis, pneumonia, septicemia) in goats. TC, cull mastitis animals
155what does M. capricolum capripneumoniae cause? in who?contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP). in goats.
156what is CCPP? in who? caused by?contagious caprine pleuropneumonia. Goats. M. capricolum.
157what disease causes Hepatocized lung?CCPP= contagious caprine pleuropneumonia.
158How do you treat CCPP? Are there vx?cull affected and any in-contact animals. Vx can be used. Abx TC, tylosin, tiamulin (not recommended to use).
159M. hyopneumoniae causes what in who? signs? tx?PIGS! enzootic (within a particular district or season) pneumonia-all ages worldwide. Signs= coughing. poor growth, post-mortum has consolidation of apical cardiac lobes. Tx= tylosin, lincomycin, TC, tiamulin. Vx= poor protection and prevention by devoloping SPF herds (specific pathogen free)
160what does M. gallisepticum cause, in who? tx?chronic resp dz (CRD) in chickens; infectious sinusitis (IS) in turkeys. tylosin in water or egg dip; heat eggs
161what causes chronic resp dz (CRD) in chickens; infectious sinusitis (IS) in turkeys? tx?M. gallisepticum. tylosin in water or egg dip; heat eggs
162what does M. meleagridis cause? in who? tx?air sacculitis and skeletal abnormalities in turkeys. tiamulin in water for 1st 10 days of life prophy; egg dip
163what does M. felis cause?conjunctivitis
164what does M. haemofelis cause? in who? tx?feline infectious anemia. TC, fluoroquinolones, blood transfusion; flea control
165which mycoplasma affect horses? (rare)M. felis (pneumonia, pleuritis) M. equigenitalium (abortion
166How do you treat obligate intracellulars?TCs!!!
167what does Rickettsia rickettsii cause? in who? symptoms?RMSF (rocky mt. Spotted fever)- humans, dogs. NECROTIZING VASCULITIS!
168rocky mt. Spotted fever caused by what, and affects who? main symptom?Rickettsia rickettsii, humans and dogs. NECROTIZING VASCULITIS!
169how is Rickettsia rickettsii (dz?) spread?rocky mt spotted fever- TICK BITES and aerosolized tick feces (tick infected rodents can be a vector too)
170how do you treat rocky mt spotted fever? (name sp.) is there a vx?rickettsia rickettsii, NO VX, TCs and tick prevention
171where do you find rickettsia rickettsii? how do you diagnose? is it zoonotic?americas only. IS ZOONOTIC, SO DO NOT CULTURE IN CLINIC!
172symptoms of rocky mt spotted fever?Dog: hyperemia, edema, petechial hemorrhages, fever. Human: fever, headache, “black measles” rash.
173Ehrlichia canis causes what? In who? how is it transmitted?canine monocytic ehrlichiosis (CME) (usually monocytes), aka canine hemorrhagic fever. Dogs. TRANSMTTED VIA TICK BITE
174what is CME (meaning?) caused by?canine monocytic ehrlichiosis (aka canine hemorrhagic fever) caused by Ehrlichia canis.
175symptoms of CME?***can appear as multiple myeloma but its not! (cancer Acute: 1-3 weeks post infection, fever, anorexia, lymphadenopathy, bleeding, pale m.m.s, thrombocytopenia (tcp); (There is also a Subclinical with no signs and Clinical, has bone marrow suppression)
176How do you dx ehrlichia canis?SNAP test (NO GROWTH ON AGAR) (can do the same for E. ewingii, cant tell the SNAPs apart for the two of them, though.)
177What does E. ewingii cause? in who?DOGS- Canine granulocytic ehrlichiosis (CGE) (usually neutrophils) (ewingii has a g in it, so affects granulocytes)
178is Ehrlichia canis zoonotic?yes
179is Ehrlichia ewingii zoonotic?yes
180is there a vx for E. canis or ewingii? tx?no vx. ALL GIBSONS YOU TX WITH TCs
181how do you diagnose E. ewingii? (aka?)aka CGE (canine granulocytic ehrlichiosis)-- can diagnose via SNAP test (but cant tell apart this SNAP from the E. canis one!)
182where is E. canis endemic? E. ewingii?canis is, like, everywhere. ewingii is mostly SE US
183what does E.ruminantium cause? in who? symtoms?Hydropericardium, aka heartwater dz, ruminants. symptoms incld Vasculitis, hydropericardium (edema around pericardium) hydrothorax-- acute has a high mortality.
184what causes heartwater disease, aka hydropericardium? How is it transmitted? where is it endemic?Ehrlichia ruminantium. TICK BITE (often spread by cattle egrets). In the Caribbean and Africa
185what does Neorickettsia helminthoeca cause? in who? zoonotic?Salmon poisoning dz in dogs. No cats. NOT zoonotic (no evidence).
186what causes salmon poisoning disease?neorickettsia helminthoeca
187symptoms of salmon poisoning dz? how do you diagnose?severe intestinal hemorrhaging, lymphadenopathy, death in 90% of untreated animals. diagnose by determining endemic area, if they ate FISH, eggs in feces, blood shows trematode there. NO SNAP TEST
188how is Neorickettsia helminthoeca transmitted?Dogs eat infected raw/undercooked/smoked fish. XMTTED BY TREMATODE WORM NOT TICKS OR SNAILS. (helminth=worm)
189Does salmon poisoning dz have a vx? what is the tx?NO vx. use TCs!
190What does Neorickettsia risticii cause? in who? How is it transmitted?Potomac horse fever. transmitted via TREMATODES and then the horse EATS INSECTS BY ACCIDENT to get it.
191what is potomac horse fever caused by? is there a vx? is it zoonotic?neorickettsia risticii. there is a vx but effectiveness is dependent on strain. not zoonotic.
192what does Wolbachia pipientis cause? in who? how is it caused/transmitted?heartworm dz-dog, cat (worse). It has a symbiotic relationship with heartworm (dirofilaria), Surface protein released from dead/dying heartworms, causes inflammation and Ag-Ab complexes.
193how is Wolbachia pipientis treated? what is special about it? is it zoonotic?use TCs (doxy) and it hurts wolbachia and the worm too-- see dec in nematode health AND clinical signs! not zoonotic
194Anaplasma phagocytophilum affects what animals? what does it cause in general?horse, cat, dog. Granulocytic anaplasmosis-many spp (affects neutrophils!!)
195Anaplasma phagocytophilum in dogs causes what? where? how do you diagnose?canine granulocytic anaplasmosis. US, Brazil, Slovakia. Dx Morulae in neutrophils of blood and joint fluid, IFA, ELISA, PCR, culture
196Anaplasma phagocytophilum in dogs has what symptoms?Fever, anorexia, lethargy, immune suppression, mild tcp, occasional polyarthritis
197Anaplasma phagocytophilum in horses causes what? where? how do you diagnose?Equine granulocytic anaplasmosis. US, Canada, Europe. Dx Inclusion bodies in blood films, IFA
198Anaplasma phagocytophilum in horses has what symptoms?Fever, depression, limb edema, ataxia, jaundice, petechial hemorrhages, leukopenia
199Anaplasma phagocytophilum in cats causes what? where? symptoms? how do you diagnose?Feline anaplasmosis; US, Europe. same symptoms as dogs (Fever, anorexia, lethargy, immune suppression, mild tcp, occasional polyarthritis). dx PCR, culture, ELISA, IFA
200how is Anaplasma phagocytophilum transmitted? is there a vx? is it zoonotic? unique thing about it?Ixodes tick bites. no vx. IS zoonotic. unique- steals chlosterol from host's body
201what does Anaplasma marginale cause, in who?Gall sickness or bovine anaplasmosis of erythrocytes (USUALLY OLDER COWS MORE AFFECTED)
202what causes Gall sickness? in who?Anaplasma marginale in cows
203how is Anaplasma marginale transmitted? is there a vx?usually transmitted by ticks OR iatrogenic with re-use of needles for vx. There is a vaccine.
204what does Anaplasma platys cause? in who? how is it transmitted?Canine anaplasmosis of platelets( platys sounds like “platelets”) via TICK bite
205how do you diagnose Anaplasma platys (symptoms) ? how do you treat? is there a vx?usually asymptomatic, you can NOT CULTURE. tx with TCs....no vx
206canine anaplasmosis of platelets is caused by what?anaplasma platys
207Coxiella burnetii causes what in who? is it zoonotic? how is it transmitted?Q (query) fever in humans; carried by ruminants-- their Placenta and body fluids are infective. **CAN LAST MONTHS IN THE ENVIRO
208how do you treat coxiella burnetii? vx?how do you treat coxiella burnetii? vx?
209gram/growth media of enterobact.?gram NEG, grow readily on BA and Mac (MacConkey)
210where do entero bact. live in body? they can also be?in intestines. can be saphrophytes/parasites
2112 main groups of enterobact?lactose fermentors/ non-lactose fermentors
212how do you know if it's a lactose fermentor?pink colonies on Mac
213exs of lactose fermentors?E coli, klebsiella
214exs of non-lactose fermentors?salmonella, proteus
215Some e coli are _____ and some are _____ (in terms of dz)pathogenic, harmless (intestinal commensal)
216how do you ID pathogenic strains of e.coli?serotyping/epidemiological study
217serotyping/epidemiological studysalmonella, proteus
218Some e coli are _____ and some are _____ (in terms of dz)pathogenic, harmless (intestinal commensal)
219how do you ID pathogenic strains of e.coli?serotyping/epidemiological study
220serotype of hemorrhagic colitis? (this is an example)O157 H7
221two extensions e coli has?fimbriae and flagellum
222what can endotoxin cause?fever, intravascular clotting
223what do enterotoxins do?cause fluid secretion (loss of H2O and electrolytes)
224predisposing factor to E coli diarrheal infection? (in young animals)not receiving colostrum
225do E coli form spores? (CQ)no
226what are the dz's caused by E coli in PIGS?(1) neonatal enteritis (<5 days old, often fatal). (2) post-weaning diarrhea (3) edema dz (any age, more common in weanlings)
227how does edema dz in pigs progress?toxin in intestine--> blood--> damage BVs--> edema
228what dz does e coli cause in CALVES?hemorrhagic colitis (shiga toxin strains), white scours/diarrhea (leads to colisepticemia/colibacillosis)
229what dz's are in humans which are caused by calf e colis?hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome (shiga toxin producing strains)
230what is the layman's name for hemorrhagic colitis?hamburger dz (usually O157:H7)
231what can e coli cause in foals?septicemia
232what can e coli cause in chickens?colibacillosis
233what can e coli cause in lambs?watery mouth (due to endotoxin)
234what can e coli cause in dogs/cats?UTI, pyometria
235what can e coli cause in mares/cattle?metritis
236what can e coli cause in cows/sows?coliform mastitis
237if animals survive speticemia, what can happen after?arthritis
238would e coli be the cause of chronic diarrhea in a 4 yr old cow? (CQ)no, not likely.... more likely to be Johne's dz
239how do you diagnose E coli?culture feces, slide agglu. for fecal cultures, quantitative culture for urine (dogs, cats)
240tx of E coli? (3)Fluid, electrolytes for diarrhea, antibodies orally for diarrhea/IV for speticemia, antibiotics (oral for diarrhea) systemic and local for bovine mastitis
241do not treat E coli with what antibiotic?NO BETA-LACTAMS (lyse and release toxins)
242control of e coli? (4)(1) vaccinate dam (pigs, cattle) (2) ensure colostrum for neonates (inclding watery mouth in lambs) (3) improve hygene/management (4) vaccinate COWS to reduce severity of endotoxemia
243most important thing to do to treat an animal with diarrhea?WATER AND ELECTROLYTES
244what is the name of the vaccine for cattle to reduce effects of endotoxemia?J5
245to diagnose E coli diarrhea in piglets, the best diagnostic choice is...(CQ)test pink colonies from Mac agar by agglu test for pathogenic strains (NOT FECAL SMEAR FOR G NEG RODS b/c there are always g neg rods in feces/intestine)
246does klebsiella have a capsule?yes, a thick, mucoid one
247does kleb cause pneumonia?no, not really
248color on Mac agar for kleb?PINK (lactose fermentor)
249why is a mucoid strain so virulent?has a capsule, escape phagocytosis
250why is a mucoid strain so virulent?has a capsule, escape phagocytosis
251is kleb. an intestinal commensal? does klebsiella cause diarrhea?it IS a intestinal commensal, no, it does not usually cause diarrhea(--only in birds) (they like to go to the intestine kleb, but they don't trash the place, except for rude chicks)
252how often is there drug resistance with kleb?it is common, so you have to do sensitivity tests
253what does kleb cause in **mares?metritis
254what does kleb cause in cows? what is it associated with?mastitis, usually wood shaving related (a "kleb" made of wood beating on their udders)
255what does kleb cause in **dogs?UTI and otitis externa
256what does kleb cause in birds?resp infections, septicemia, diarrhea (ONLY IN BIRDS)
257is klebsiella hemolytic?no
258what is the color on Mac agar for salmonella?NLF (no color-no lactose fermentation) (E coli is pink on Mac)
259are there many serotypes of salm? how is this organized?a LOT of serotypes, all have a name not a number
260most common dz causing strain of salm?salmonella enterica
261how do you ID suspected salmonella cultures?SEROLOGY. slide agglu test with polyvalent antiserum to tentatively ID (usually feces sample)
262is salm a normal commensal?no, but many animals are carriers
263most common carrier of salm? what is meant by carrier?esp rats/mice (carriers=sub-clinical infection)
264is salm a normal commensal?no, but many animals are carriers
265most common carrier of salm? what is meant by carrier?esp rats/mice (carriers=sub-clinical infection)
266what can cause spread of salm?transportation+stress, antibiotics, fasting ---> colonization ---> fecal shedding ---> spread to other animals
267clinical manifestations of salmonella? (3)enteritis (diarrhea- mucus, fibrin, blood), septicemia (fever, depression, death), abortion (septicemia in preg animals leads to abortion)
268can salmonella cause pneumonia?yes, after the septicemia
269what salmonella is common in cattle?s typhimurium, s. dublin (both cause all 3 manifestations) (The cows of Dublin)
270what salm is common in swine?s. typhimurium (enteritis), s. choleraesuis (septicemia)
271what salm is common in horses? associated with? results?s. typhimurium.. associated with stress, immuno deficiency, causes diarrhea, endotoxima, death in foals
272how common is salm in dogs/cats? when does it happen?rare, usually in immuno suppressed
273salm found in birds?s. gallinarum, s. pullorum (enteritis/septicemia)
274s. typhimurium has what host, what dz?non-specific hosts, causes enteritis, septicemia, abortion
275s. choleraesuis has what host, what dz?pigs, enteritis and septicemia
276s. pullorum/gallinarum has what host, what dz?poultry, pullorum dz, fowl typhoid
277s. typhi has what host, what dz?humans, typhoid
278how do you control salm?prevent exposure to contaminated feed/enviro/carriers (rat/mouse), reduce stress, avoid oral antibiotics
279how do you treat salm?treat systemic infections with parenteral drugs
280can you treat salm with antibiotics?NO. intercellular. wont help. (salmons in your cellsssss)
281how do you treat salm endotoxiemia in horses?IV antiserum (serum+antibodies)
282what salm serotype is a human dz carried by cane toads in Grenada?s. Javiana
283can you treat cattle with tetracyclines for salmonellosis? (CQ)no. intracellular bact wont be affected.
284what type of pathogen is proteus?opportunistic
285how is proteus charaterized on on BA?swarming growth- cover whole plate even if you swab a tiny section-- looks like "waves"
286is proteus a localized or systemic dz?localized and sporatic
287what does proteus cause in dogs?UTI, otitis externa
288how common is drug resistance in proteus?common. do sensitivity test.
289does proteus cause abortion/diarrhea?no
290what causes the plague?**Y. pestis
291is Y. pestis a commensal?no
292carriers of Y. pestis?rodents/fleas
293what causes enteritis that is yersinia? how common is this?Y. enterocolitica....rarely in dogs
294what can yersinia cause in humans? (not plague), which strain?mesenteric lymphadenitis-- Y. enterocolitica (same one that causes enteritis in dog)
295who is a common carrier of Y. enterocolitica?swine
296how common is Y. Pseudotuberculosis? what animals are affected?uncommon dz, affects wild deer and bovines
297what is the carrier/cycle of yersinia pestis? who is highly susceptible, less susceptible, and not involved?carriers=rodents/fleas in nature. Humans+cats are highly susceptible, dogs are less susceptible, and cattle/horses/pigs not involved
298what does a blood smear of yersinia pestis look like?bipolar staining rods
299why is the plague called the black death? and how?can cause gangrene. Plague toxin--> hypotension, vascular collapse
300how do you die from plague?die from shock/lack of circulation
301how is feline plague (Y. pestis) transmitted to cat?ingestion of rodents/ flea bite
302what is meant by bubonic form of plague? prognosis?nlarged LNs (BUBOES). it is less serious and easier to treat
303prognosis/time table of septicemic form of plague?acute and serious
304prognosis of pneumatic form of Y pestis?serious
305how do you diagnose feline plague?blood/aspirate smear (bipolar staining rods), culture, serology (Id be bipolar if I had the plague, too)
306how do you treat/control Y. pestis?antibiotics (tetracycline). Treat for fleas, rodent control.
307temperature for Y. enterocolitica?SYCHROPHILIC (can mult in fridge!)
308symptoms of Y. enterocolitica?diarrhea, mesenteric lymphadenitis
309will proteus cause septicemia and abortion in cattle? (CQ)no
310what toxin does shigella produce?shigella toxin
311what dz can shigella cause in humans and monkeys?bacillary dysentery
312who is resistant to shigella?food animals, horses
313how does shigella affect dogs?they can excrete it, but resistant to clinical dz
314does shigella cause "shigellosis" in horses?no
315are tetracyclines effective against feline plaque? can humans catch plague form the cat? (CQ)yes and yes
316are beef cattle carriers of shigella? (CQ)no
317how can you ID pseudomonas on an agar?most strains produce a green pigment
318what does pseudo look like on MAC?colorless to greenish colonies
319can pseudo live long outside a host?yes, it is a saphrophyte
320does pseudo usually live in a host?yes, it is a minority commensal
321what type of infection is psuedo usually causing? where?opportunistic, usually intestinal
322shape and grams of pseudo?neg rods
323predisposing factors of infection of pseudo? (8 total. 4 general, cow, sheep, dog, rabbit)immunosuppress, injury, excessive antibiotic use, contaminated surgical instruments, contaminated intramammary infusion in cows, excessive fleece wetting in sheep, ear mites+ other factors in dogs, dental dz in rabbits
324disease pseudo can cause in all animals?wound/burn infections
325dz in dogs/cats of pseudo?otitis, UTI, keratitis, pneumonia
326dz in horses of pseudo?genital tract infection, ULCERATIVE KERATITIS
327dz in sheep of pseudo?fleece rot "green wool dz"
328dz in mink of pseudo?hemorrhagic pneumonia, septicemia
329dz in rabbits of pseudo?blue fur dz (moist dermatitis)
330dz in captive snakes of pseudo?necrotic stomatitis
331diagnosis of P. aeruginosa?CULTURE-- charateristic pigment (green), oxidase +
332response of oxidase test for pseudo?positive
333#1 organism that like to get into burn wounds?pesudo
334prevention of pesudo?prevent predisposing causes (eg ear mites, dental dz), vaccines for mink
335treatment of pseudo?gentamicin/amikacin are good, polymyxin B good but ONLY TOPICAL
336pseudo is resistant to....pretty much everything in resistance test except gentamycin
337(CQ) is ampicillin effective on pseudo?no
338(CQ) can pseudo cause keratitis?yes
339(CQ) what can you treat for pseudo otitis externa in dogs?enrofloxacin-silver sulfadiazine
340what are the glanders-free zones?USA and canada
341dz burk causes?GLANDERS
342how contagious is glanders?very
343what does burk affect in the body?LNs, Lungs---> nodules (similar to TB in this regard)
344what happens in the cutaneous form/farcy?nodular abscesses along lymph channels
345is burk zoonotic? severity of infection?yes, human infection is serious
346diag of burk?intrapalpebral mallein test on horses
347how do you treat affected animals?NOT TREATED
348which antibiotics work on glanders?DONT WORK
349what is positive result of mallein test for glanders?purulent conjunctival discharge, swelling of lower eyelid
350(CQ) how do you test for glanders in an imported horse?conduct mallein intrapalpebral test
351what animal does actinobacillus ligniersii affect?CATTLE
352where does actinobacillus ligniersii live?commensal of mouth
353how does actinobacillus ligniersii infect?opportunistic infection of mouth through a wound
354what does actinobacillus ligniersii cause?WOODEN TONGUE granulomatous lesions in tongue, jaw, neck (bone not effected)
355diagnose actinobacillus ligniersii by?take slide, look for mineralized clubs
356treatment of actinobacillus ligniersii?surgical drainage, tetracyclines, trimethprim-sulfa
357Actinobacillus Equlii causes?SLEEPY FOAL DZ arthritis, nephritis, enteritis
358where does Actinobacillus Equlii live?commensal of alimentary tract
359how is horse infected with Actinobacillus Equlii?oppostunistic infection via umbilicus or in utero
360treatment of Actinobacillus Equlii?antibiotic (ceftiofur IV) may help.
361prevention/control of Actinobacillus Equlii?admit of COLOSTRUM IMPORTANT. improve hygiene, naval disinfeciton
362where does Actinobacillus suis live?commensal of adult pigs
363how is a pigglett infected with Actinobacillus suis?infect via umbilicus/ skin abrasions
364what does Actinobacillus suis cause?acute speticemia, petechial hemorrhages, penumonia, meningitis
365(CQ) is sleepy foal dz zoonotic?no
366(CQ) can sleepy foal dz be wrongly called shigellosis?yes
367(CQ) infected surgical instruments most likely cause what?pseudomonas aerugniosa
368what type of bact are these? (gram and shape)g neg rods
369what are these bact generally associated with?generally respiratory dz, might also be involved in septicemia and other conditions, incld birds
370Pasturella, mannheimia shape? staining? agar for isolation? O2 needs?cocco-bacillary, bipolar staining, BA for isolation, aerobic
371Pasturella, mannheimia is predisposed by what?stress/viral infections
372which dz of Pasturella, mannheimia dont require predisposing factors?hemorrhagic speticemia in cattle, fowl cholera in birds
373FOWL CHOLERA causes what? what is affected by it?causes septicemia (bact invasion of blood+tissues). affects wild ducks, geese, domestic flocks
374how is fowl cholera xmitted?via oral or resp. routes, or via eye
375are fowl cholera saphrophitic?no, need host
376hemorrhagic septicemia affects what animal? where is this dz usually (geographically)cattle, buffalo, deer, elephants. mainly in TROPICS.
377type of dz hemorrhagic septicemia is?acute, severe (almost as bad as anthrax)
378is hemorrhagic septicemia present in canada/USA?no, shouldnt be. if see, report immediately
379symptoms of hemorrhagic septicemia ?fever, hemorrhages, edema (often submandibular), enteritis, death
380how do you diagnose hemorrhagic septicemia?take blood smear. look for bipolar staining.
381is there a vaccine for hemorrhagic septicemia?yes, but you must know which one to use based on strains/your location in the world
382what does P. multocida cause?snuffles in RABBITS
383where does P. multocida live?carried by most animals
384how does P. multocida cause dz?stress leads to dz
385symptoms of P. multocida in rabbits?nasal discharge, epiphora (tears), conjunctivitis, sneeze/cough, maybe pneumonia/weightloss/death
386peracute cases of snuffles in rabbits (what happens? )septicemia--> death
387what does P. multocida cause in cattle/pigs/sheep? what kind of invader is it?Pneumonic problems-- secondary invader
388what can P multocida cause in cats/dogs/humans? type of flora that does this? main way of entering?wound infection. C-type oral flora. usually enter through bites/scratches/licking
389what can P multocida cause in pigs? which type of flora causes this? what might this be combined as?*atrophic rhinitis* Type D. alone OR in combo with bordetella bronchiseptica
390how does atrophic rhinitis inflict its damage?pathogenic strains are positive for DERMONECROTOXIN, which lyses turbinate bones
391what predisposes pigs to get atrophic rhinitis?overcrowding, poor ventilation, ammonia in air, lack of immunity in piglets
392what are the virulence factors of P. Multocida? (3)Capsule (resist phagocytosis), Endotoxin (fever, intravascular coagulation, hemorrhages, for chicken- necrotic foci in liver), Exotoxin (produced by D-strains "dermonecrotoxin")
393how can you diagnose P. multocida?blood or spleen smears (coccobacilli), culture blood, spleen (non hemol colonies, no MAC growth), culture exudates/lung/transtracheal wash, culture nasal swabs from pigs/rabbits (atrophic rhinitis/snuffles)
394does P multocida grow on Macconkey?no
395how do you treat P multocida?Rabbits=chloramphenicol or TC. Other species= TC, Trimethoprim=Sulfa
396control of P multocida?Vaccines (cattle resp partially effective) (good one for hemorrhagic speticemia) (one for birds for avian cholera) (BACTERIN one for pigs, vaccinate sows and 5-8wk old piglets)
397(CQ) which of snuffles, blue fur, otitis, pneumonia, and conjunctivitis doesnt have to do with P multocida in rabbits?blue fur
398(CQ) what is blue fur caused by in rabbits?psuedomonas arg.
399(CQ) does hemorrhagic septicemia of cattle occur by contact with dogs?no
400gram rxn? shape? where might it regularly be present?G-, coccobacilli, often present in URT mucosa of some healthy cattle
401is Mannheimia saphrophytic?no, NEEDS a host
402is Mannheimia hemolytic?yes (UNLIKE P. Multocida)
403what will predispose an animal to Mannheimia infection?xportation, overcrowding, poor ventilation, fatigue
404what does Mannheimia haemolytica cause in cattle?shipping fever
405symptoms of shipping fever?Dyspnea, fever, soft cough, nasal discharge, anorexia due to toxin= inflammation, fibrinous pneumonia
406what do the lung lobes look like in shipping fever? why? which lobes specifically?downward drainage of initial exudates causes hard, dark lobes. usually antero-ventral lobes
407is the acute course of shipping fever fatal?yes
408Virulence factors of Mannheimia haemolytica? (3)(1) capsule (help with colonization) (2) endotoxin (esp important in cases of speticemia), (3) Leukotoxin (toxic to rumi. leukocytes, causes lysis and impairs lung defense)
409what does Mannheimia haemolytica cause in sheep and goats?pneumonia (similar to cattle), speticemia (in young), MASTITIS "Blue Bag"
410how dangerous is blue bag? why?rare but often fatal due to endotoxemia
411how do you diagnose Mannheimia haemolytica?exam smears, culture, transtracheal aspirate and lunch at necropsy **NO NASAL SWAB**, for mastitis, milk samples
412are there vaccines for Mannheimia haemolytica for cattle? sheep? goats?yes for cattle, no for sheep and goats
413what are the kinds of vaccines for cattle for Mannheimia haemolytica?OVC (elicit antibodies va leukotoxin and surface antigens) and live attenuates (CANT USE WITH ANTIBIOTICS)
414(CQ) are sheeps and goats resistant to Mannheimia haemolytica?NO
415what does Francisella tularensis cause?Tularemia
416what is Tularemia?ZOONOTIC dz, endemic in north american wildlife
417Tularemia aka?rabbit fever, deer-fly fever
418is tulaermia able to infect humans?yes
419what are the signs of Tularemia in cats?somewhat like feline plague, incld lymphadenitis, pneumonia, speticemia
420most suseptible domestic species to Tularemia? who can get but is less likely?Cats. milder dz in dogs/sheeps
421what sample is submitted for culture/serology?clinic material incld blood
422what should be noted about Tularemia cultures?shouldnt be done in regular labs, b/c zoonotic
423what is presumptive evidence of infection of Tularemia?antibody titer > 160
424what can you treat Tularemia with?tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones
425how do you prevent infection of Tularemia?prevent tick bites, prevent dogs/cats from hunting wildlife, prevent water contamination via wildlife excreta
426is there a vaccine for Tularemia?yes, for HUMANS at high risk
427(CQ) is a tick bite the only way to get Tularemia?no-- can get from animal bite/scratch, handling infected meat, aerosol, etc.
428gram? shape? type of colonies?g-, coccobacilli/pleomorphic. small colonies
429what kind of media do you need for Haemophilus?nriched media (some need hemin (X-factor) and/or nicotinaminde adenine dinucleotide (V-factor) )
430where does Haemophilus/similar bact usually live?STRICT PARASITES (resp/genital/CNS)
431(CQ) are Haemophilus and similar bacteria saphrophytes?no
432what can be said about strains of Haemophilus and similar bacteria ?there are many different kinds, naming may be different
433what does actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae cause?contagious pleuroneumoniae of swine
434what species is affected by actinonbacillus (haemophilus) pleuropenumoniae?pigs
435what is the mortality of actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae?very fatal, esp in dz-free herds
436signs/symptoms of actinobacillus (haemophilus) pleuropenumoniae in pigs?fever, bleeding from nose/mouth (necrotizing vasculitis in lung), hemrrhage
437what happens to the survivors of actinobacillus (haemophilus) pleuropenumoniae?chronic lesions, abscessation, pleuritic adhesions affecting growth
438how does actinobacillus (haemophilus) pleuropenumoniae affect preg sows? young pigs?sow= septicemia kills fetus. young pig=septicemia and death
439(CQ) is turbinate atrophy associated with actinobacillus (haemophilus) pleuropenumoniae infection?no
440what are the virulence factors of actinobacillus (haemophilus) pleuropenumoniae? (3)(1) capsule (2) endotoxin (thrombi, interlobular edema, damage to vasculature) (3) cytotoxins (macrphage toxins, hemolytic toxins)
441describe immunity to actinobacillus (haemophilus) pleuropenumoniae?Abs protect against homologous types, some cross protection, colostrum for piglets
442describe culturing of actinobacillus (haemophilus) pleuropenumoniae? for how long?culture clinical samples on BA WITH STAPH STREAK. 24-48 hrs
443is actinobacillus (haemophilus) pleuropenumoniae hemolytic?yes
444why do you culture actinobacillus (haemophilus) pleuropenumoniae with a staph streak?the staph supply the V-factor for it to grow
445is there a vaccine for actinobacillus (haemophilus) pleuropenumoniae?yes, bacterins (killed/attenuated bac) reduce mortality
446can you treat actinobacillus (haemophilus) pleuropenumoniae with antibiotics?yes with early tx, TIAMULIN, it reduces mortality but CARRIERS REMAIN
447what does haemophilus parasuis cause?"Glasser's dz" (polyserositis and arthritis), also respiratory infection
448what predisposes a pig to haemophilus parasuis?stress
449age of pigs affected by haemophilus parasuis?young- 5-8 wk old
450signs/symptoms of haemophilus parasuis?fibrinous polycerositis, pleuritis/peritonitis, meningitis, pyrexia, lameness, recumbancy, ~
451CQ) does histophilus somni have male animals playing a role?yes
452(CQ) are rodents principal resivours of histophilus somni?no
453what does taylorella equigenitalis cause?contageous equine metritis (CEM)
454where is there no CEM? where is there?none in canada, some in US/Germany/Switzerland
455symptoms of CEM?uterine inflammation, edema, mucopurulent exudate in uterus
456what would you see in a smear of CEM?g- rods
457how do you diagnose CEM?culture vaginal discharge on blood agar
458how do you establish a horse is free from CEM?neg culture 3 times in 2 weeks
459treatment of of CEM?(1) intrauterine irrigation of chlorhexidine, nitrofurazone, ampicillin, penicillin for 5 days (2) parenteral ampicillin or penicillin (3) chlorhexidine wash and application of nitrofurazone ointment daily till culture neg state (4) for stallion, chorhecifine was and application of 2% chlorhexidine cream
460does CEM have a vaccine?no
461(CQ) is the causal agent of CEM culturable or not?it IS culturable
462what does B. pertussis cause?whooping cough in human children
463what does B. bronchiseptica cause?animal pathogen (rarely causes human dz)
464is B. bronchiseptica zoonotic?RARELY causes human dz
465what does B. bronchiseptica cause in dogs?canine tracheobronchitis-- kennel cough!
466is B. bronchiseptica usually a primary or secondary infection?usually secondary to viral infections
467how is B. bronchiseptica spread?usually aerosol
468species/age group affected by B. bronchiseptica?young dogs
469signs of B. bronchiseptica?URT inflammation, mucus. coughing 2-3wk. retching/vomiting, shedding 2-3mo
470how do you diagnose B. bronchiseptica?aspirate culture
471what do you culture B. bronchiseptica on? what do they look like?grows on MAC (unlike pasturella), g- coccobacilli
472when is treatment needed, what is treatment?required if cough persists/ if bronchopneumonia is present. tx is TMS, tetracycline, or enrofloxacin
473is there a vaccine for B. bronchiseptica?live intranasal and other types, annual vaccination needed for full protection
474what can bordetella cause in cats?feline broncho-pneumonia
475where can cats be infected with B. bronchiseptica?from exposure via dogs
476(CQ) will B. bronchiseptica cause buboes (abscessed lymph nodes)?no
477prognosis of feline B. bronchiseptica?more severe, systemic manifestations (cyanosis, deaths) esp in younger cats
478vaccine for cats' B. bronchiseptica?yes, intra-nasal live infection avail
479what can B. bronchiseptica cause in pigs?ATROPHIC RHINITIS (pasturella multocida also does this), also occasionally pneumonia
480what does bordetella avium cause?turkey coryza (nasal tract inflammation)
481treatment of bordetella avium?tetracyclines
482vaccines for bordetella avium?yes
483(CQ) are cats affected by bordetella bronchiseptica? can you use vaccines if they are?yes
484what does Moraxella bovis look like?g- coccobacilli
485what does Moraxella bovis cause?infectious bovine kerato-conjunctivitis (IBKC) or "pink eye"
486where is Moraxella bovis geographically?worldwide
487how is Moraxella bovis transmitted?via contact with carrier animals and flies
488how is IBKC perpetuated?UV rays, tall grass, flies (cause concurrent viral/mycoplasma infections)
489symptoms of IBKC?photophobia, epiphora, keratitis, conjunctivitis
490how does Moraxella bovis cause dz?pilli attach to cornea
491virulence factors of IBKC? (5)pili, haemolysin, dermonecrotoxin, hyaluronidase, collagenase
492is there vaccines for IBKC?es, PILI VACCINE
493how are calves protected from IBKC?colostral antibodies
494antibiotics for IBKC?local (penicillin). parenteral (oxytetracycline)
495control/prevention of IBKC?control flies (fly repellent ear tags, segregate infected cows)
496(CQ) can colostrum protect calves from IBKC?yes
497(CQ) is there a predisposing infection for IBKC?yes, mycoplasma infection or viral infection
498is brucella zoonotic?YES. all of them except B. ovis
499shape and grams of brucella?g- coccobacilli
500what kind of media do you need for brucella?enriched
501where does brucella live?OBLIGATE genital tract parasites
502where does brucella live?INTRACELLULARLY
503what type of infection (duration) does brucella cause?chronic
504is brucella a saphrophyte?no but it can survive outside apprx 6mo
505what are the 5 brucella strains, and who do they affect?(1) B. abortus (cattle, rarely horses) (2) B. Suis (pigs) (3) B. melitensis (goat/sheep, SERIOUS HuMAN INFECTION) (4) B. Canis (dogs, low prevalence in USA and canada) (5) B. Ovis (sheep, rare, NOT ZOONOTIC)
506which brucella can cause a serious human infection?B. melitensis (the goat/sheep one) (but not B. Ovis)
507staining of brucella is? looks like?acid fast stain, bacteria pink and host cells blue
508how does infection of brucella start in cows? (B. abortus)ingestion
509which part of the male and female cattle/cow organs are affected from B. Abortus?epididimus(orchitis, epididimitis), placentitis
510when does the abortion of the fetus of the cow happen in terms of the pregnancylate preg
511what happens to fetus when infected with brucella?fetal edema, lung congestion, hemmorhage (brucella in stomach, lung)
512what does/can brucellosis cause in horses?supraspinous bursitis (fistulous withers)
513(CQ) humans do not get dz due to (of brucella species)B. Ovis
514symptoms of B. Canis?often asymptomatic. lymphagenitis, infertility, abortion in late gestation, fetal autolysis, dark vaginal discharge (4-6wks), orchitics, scrotal dermatitis, semen abnormalities, rarely discospondylitis (lysis of vert. end plates and prolif of bone)
515how do you diagnose brucellosis? (2)(1) serology (card test(agglu), agglu test) (2) culture (fetal stomach content, lung, placenta, discharges, milk, semen)
516How do you control cow brucella?serological testing and elim + cattle, calfhood vaccine (can interfere w/serological testing), RB-51 vaccine (but live, so dangerous to ppl)
517how do you treat food animals with brucella?you dont
518do you breed dogs with brucella?no
519how do you treat dogs with brucella?doxycycline + streptomycin for over a month for dogs
520what is the vaccine for canine brucellosis called?haha, gotcha, there is no vaccine
521can brucella infect humans?yes, all but B ovis.
522brucella is a pathogen of what area?genitals
523what is most important in diagnosis of brucella?serology
524(CQ) are cattle treated with doxy for brucellosis?no
525(CQ) does brucella infection in adults cause high mortalities?no
526(CQ) can canine brucellosis be prevented by vaccination?no
527(CQ) which vaccine can cause accidental infection in humans?brucella abortus RB51 vaccine
528gram, shape of campy?g-, curvy rod
529what are the 4 campys?C. fetus veneralis, C. fetus fetus, C. jejuni, C. coli
530who does C. fetus veneralis affect, and what does it cause?cattle: endometritis, abortion
531who does C. fetus fetus affect, and what does it cause?cattle/sheep: abortion
532who does C. jejuni affect, and what does it cause?poultery,animals: entritis in humans and animals
533who does C. coli affect, and what does it cause?pigs/poultry: human diarrhea
534shape of C jejuniseagull flying appearance
535shape of C fetusspiral
536O2 requirements of C jejuni/fetusmicroaerophilic
537which campy has a unique temp requirement, and what is it?jejuni, thermophilic (42*C)
538why do we care about C jejuni?can be zoonotic
539how do you culture jejuni?preston blood free medium (charcoal, cefoperazone, growth enahancers)
540how do you culture C. fetus?blood agar with antibiotics ( inhibits contaminant bacteria)
541C fetus venerealis localizes where? when does abortion occur?vagina, early abortion
542C fetus fetus localizes where? when does abortion occur?placenta, last stage abortion
543can you treat C fetus fetus and C fetus venerealis with vaccines?yes
544what is the vaccine for C fetus fetus and C fetus venerealis? how effective?very effective bacterins
545what is the habitat for C. jejuni?intestinal tracts of chickens/birds/ pigs
546does C. jejuni affect the hosts?no, usually harmless to the bird carriers/pigs
547how would you describe Lawsonia intracellularis?a campy-like bacterium (not campy but seems like it)
548Lawsonia intracellularis causes what?porcine intestinal adenomatosis (PIA) (porcine proliferative enteropathy, chronic ileitis, garden hose gut)
549what do you culture Lawsonia intracellularis on?nothing, you cant culture it (can do tissue culture of chick embryos)
550signs of Lawsonia intracellularis infection?mostly subclinical, mild diarrhea, reduced weight gain
551how do you diagnose Lawsonia intracellularis?signs, histopath, PCR
552drugs for Lawsonia intracellularis?tylosin in feed is used prophylactically
553how can you stain Lawsonia intracellularis?silver stain
554(CJ) is campy. jejuni likely to cause diarrhea in chicken?no
555what did helicobacter used to be known as?campylobacter.
556(CQ) best way to diagnose C. jejuni in dogs isuse of selective media for fecal culture
557who/what does helicobacter pylori infect/cause?human gastric/duodenal ulcer
558what can helicobacter cause in cats? what are the agents? (3)helicobacter gastritis in cats. H. heilmannii, H. felis, H. Pylori
559signs/symptoms of helicobacter?usually infection is asymptomatic. Vomiting, weight loss (emaciation, diarrhea)
560diagnosis of helicobacter?gastric biopsy- urease test, histology (see spiral organisms in gastric mucosa)
561drugs to tx helicobacter?metronidazole, amoxicillin, clarithromycin or tatracycline + antisecretory agent bismuth
562(CQ) is H. Pylori implicated in porcine intestional adenomatosis?no
563shape of spirochetes? grams?slender spiral. DOESNT STAIN WELL WITH GRAMS
564how do you differentiate spirochetes?morphology and antigenic properties
565how do you diagnose/see spirochetes?dark-filed microscopy, FAT, serological tests
5663 types of spirochetes?leptospira, brachyspira, borrelia
567Leptospira affects who?many animals, also zoonotic
568which leptospira is non-pathogenic?Leptospira biflexa (Water associated)
569which leptospira has MOST pathogenic serovars?Leptospira interrogans
570which leptospira is question-mark shaped?interrogans
571which leptospira has a few pathogenic serovars?borgpetersenii
572how do you culture leptospira?need SPECIAL BROTH MEDIA, blood agar is no use.
573where do leptospira live in the body?kidneys -> urine
574two majore signs of leptospirosis?hemogloinuria, and premature/weak calf
575can leptospira live outside the body?can live weeks/months in water contaminated with urine
576who is a reservoir host for several serovars of leptospira?rats/mice
577how does lepto infect?via mucous membrane or damaged skin
578clinical signs of Leptospira in cattle and pigs?fever, anemia, icterus, hemoglobinuria, infertility, abortion/weak offspring
579how long do rats excrete leptospira?for life!
580which serovars of leptospira affect cattle and pigs? (3)L hardjo (bovine), L pomona, L icterohemorrhagiae (bovine and porcine)
581signs of leptospira in dogs most often?most cases mild/subclinical
582acute signs of leptospira in dogs? which serotype causes this?fever, hemorrhages, icterus, death. Usually L. icterohemorrhagiae
583less acute signs of leptospira in dogs? which sesrotype is to blame?anemia, anorexia, hepatitis, fever ( L. icterohemorrhagiae)
584do cats get leptospirosis?no
585signs of uremic type of leptospira in dogs? organism to blame?chronic interstitial nephritis --> oliguria, anuria, renl failure (L. canicola)
586can leptospirosis in dogs cause jaundice?yes
587clinical signs of leptospirosis in horses? how common is this? which situation/organism causes this?UNCOMMON, abortion/periodic opthalmia(recurrent conjunctivitis, iridocyclitis)--> blindness. Eye probs prolly due to immune complex deposition, L. bratislava is to blame
588clinical signs of lepto in cats?clinical dz not seen
589clinical signs of lepto in people?flu-like, rarely orchitis
590(CQ) does the maintainance host of lepto carry it in their upper resp. tract?no (should be kidneys<--me: double check this)
591how do you diagnose lepto? (5)urine sample with dark field microscopy, FA for urine sediment/tissues, serological tests (microscopic agglu, ELISA), culture of body fluid on special media, PCR (doesnt ID serovar)
592is there a vaccine for lepto?yes, should contain antigens of LOCAL serovars to be effective
593how can you control lepto?vaccine, rodent control, fence off ponds and streams, screen replacement shock
594treatment of lepto?penicillin, streptomycin, tetracyclines (doxy for dogs)
595tx for dogs for lepto?doxycycline
596which serotypes does the lepto vaccine for dogs have? (4)L canicola, L icterohemorrhagiae, L pomona, L grippotyphosa
597(CQ) how often do fatalities happen in cats with lepto?never, cats dont get dz
598what is the pig lepto vaccine usually combined with?erysipelas
599Treponema, brachyspira most comonly affect who?humans, rabbits, SWINE
600what does Treponema pallidum cause? how common? tx?huamn syphilis. uncommmon, penicillin effective
601what does Treponema paraluis-cuniculi cause? how common? tx?rabbit syphilis. uncommmon, penicillin effective
602what does Brachyspira hyodysenteriae (formerly treponema) cause?swine dysentery
603Brachyspira hyodysenteriae's O2 requirements?anaerobic but O2 tolerant.
604where is Brachyspira hyodysenteriae limited to in the body?intestine
605who is the carrier of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae?PIGS, (rats and mice can do some temporarily)
606how are pigs infected with Brachyspira hyodysenteriae?fecal-oral infection
607how can transmission occur?organism can survive in anaerobic pits, even fences for a while
608(CQ) can Brachyspira hyodysenteriae survive for over a year?no, survive in fecal material for TWO MONTHS
609clinical signs of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae?muco-hemorrhagic colitis--> blood and mucus in feces, colonic malabsorption--> dehydration, acidosis
610how do you stain, what do you stain to diagnose Brachyspira hyodysenteriae?stain feces or colon content (india ink neg stain, wet mount, gram or giemsa)
611how do you culture Brachyspira hyodysenteriae?culture on special BA (anaerobic)
612can you PCR Brachyspira hyodysenteriae?yes but not sensitive
613do you serological test Brachyspira hyodysenteriae?limited use
614how do you control swine dysentery? (Brachyspira hyodysenteriae)sanitation/disinfection concurrently, rest for 60days (organism dies off), quarantine and medication
615tx of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae (swine dysentery)?antibiotics (TYLOSIN) in feed for prevention AND tx
616what is lyme dz caused by?Borrelia: B. burgdorferi
617main symptom of lyme dz?arthritis
618how is lyme spread?tick borne
619(CQ) does orchitis and semen abnormalities manifest in lyme dz in dogs?no (brucella causes this)
620is lyme dz (B. burgdorferi) zoonotic?yes, humans get "human erythema chronicum migrans" (ECM)
621clinical signs of lyme dz in dogs?fever, polyarthritis, lameness
622how often do dogs show clinical signs of lymes?only 5% of the time
623does lymes affect the kidneys?rarely, but can cause nephritis which is then fatal
624how do you diagnose lymes?**HISTORY OF TICK EXPOSURE, signs, response to antibiotic therapy, serology (IFA, ELISA), and direct exam of body fluids (giemsa, FA, dark field)
625how do you stain to diagnose lymes? WHAT do you stain?stain body fluids with giemsa
626what are the types of lymes vaccines?new= ospA (outer sheath antigen) old= bacterins
627treatment of lymes? how long?doxycycline (tetracycline) or other antibioticcs for 4 weeks
628prevention of lyme?tick control
629treatment of erysipelothrix? Is there a vaccine?they have good vaccines! also penicillin/ampicillin (big word. simple treatment)
630grams and shape of bacillus?gram positive LONG rods
631two main (his focus) diseases of clostridia? how do they work? (other ones?)clostridium tetani and clostridium botulinum...work via NEUROTOXINS (also perfringens, novyi, and chauvoei)
632how do you treat tetanus? is there a vaccine?GOOD VACCINE, also penicillin/anti-toxin (a pen in your anus)
633what is immunity of dermatophytes associated with?delayed type hypersensitivity
634m. gypseum affects what?rodents/dogs/horses (dermatophyte)
635m. nanum affets what?pigs (dermatophyte)
636control of dermatophytes?contaminated areas treated with sodium hypochlorite, formalin, or enilconazole.
637treatments for dermatophytes? (horses? topical horses? systemic dogs cats? vaccine?)TOPICAL= lime sulfur, imidazole (ketoconazole) creams, shapmoos, natamycin (horses). SYSTEMIC= griseofulvin*, itraconazole, ketoconazole* oral for dogs, cats. VACCINE= for cats and cattle
638What causes aspergillosis?Aspergillus fumigatus
639aspergillosis in chicks= ?brooder pneumonia.
640aspergillosis in cattle= ?mycotic abortion
641aspergillosis in horses=?gutteral pouch mycosis, keratomycosis (keratitis)
642aspergillosis in dogs goes where and does what?nasal aspergillosis, destroys turbinate bones, profuse blood tinged exudate from nose.
643how would you describe the shape of aspergillus?looks kinda like a rake... foot cell, conidiophore (stem), vesicle with chains of pigmented conidia off of it (head)
644what happens in brooder pneumonia?destroy structural barriers of lung
645how does mycotic abortion happen with aspergillus?spores go to blood, through placenta, impair circulation, fetal death
646what happens in nasal aspergillosis in a dog?destruction of turbinate bones, epistaxis
647diagnosis of aspergillosis?KOH wet mount of deep scrapings, see septate hyphae. Lung sample shows conidial heads. Radiograph, rhinoscopy. culture on SAB medium (typical conidial heads)...serological test (AGID) for dogs.
648to treat aspergillosis (horses systemic? horses locally? dogs? )ketoconazole locally and itraconazole systemic for horses. natamycin or miconazole topical for keratitis in horses. Clotrimazole nasal infusion preferred for nasal asper. in dogs (second option= fluconazole)
649what 3 yeasts are important for us to know, which ISNT commensal?candida, malassezia, cryptococcus (not commensal)
650what form can yeast be in tissue?can have hyphae in tissue
651names for infections with yeasts? (3)candidiasis, moniliasis, thrush.
652what kind of fungi is candida albicans?yeast
653what type of yeast (candida albicans) infections do dogs and cats typically get?mycotic stomatitis, genital candidiasis
654what commensal causes enteritis when animals are on prolonged antibacterial therapy?candida albicans
655what kind of candida albicans/moniliasis-based disease can poultry get?Crop mycosis (thrush) (Candida Crop
656what kind of candida albicans-based disease can horses get?metritis, vaginitis
657what is candida albicans able to do in tissue?switch from yeast to filamentous state
658what agar can you grow candida on?sabouraud agar
659diagnosis of candida?KOH wet mount or gram stain- budding yeasts. culture. latex agglu. detect antigen in body fluids
660treatment of candida?nystatin topical, ketoconazole, nystatin oral for GI overgrowth
661what type of spectrum does nystatin have?narrow
662what kind of fungi is cryptococcus?yeast
663habitat of cryptococcus neoformans?soil, pigeon droppings
664cryptococcus neoformans affects what animals? how are they infected?MOSTLY cats, dogs too. Infected via airborne infection->nasal granulomas. paranasal sinuses, hematogenous dissemination
665symptoms of cryptococcus neoformans infection?snuffling, sneezing, mucopurulent/ hemmorhagic nasal discharge
666diagnosis of cryptococcus neoformans?wet mount, culture, aggln test
667treatment/control of cryptococcus neoformans?itraconazole, fluconazole(both better than ketoconazole).....prevention by decontaminating affected premises
668what is one of the reasons cryptococcus is so difficult to fight without medicine?capsule prevents phagocytosis
669forms of cryptococcus neoformans in different places? temps?25* enviro= yeast. 37* host= YEAST.
670how does cryptococcus neoformans cause granulomas?disrupt host cell membranes
671what kind of fungi is malassezia?yeast
672what is the shape of malassezia pachydermatis?bottle/peanut shaped
673what two diseases can malassezia pachydermatis cause?otitis externa if too many in ear of dog... CHRONIC DERMATITIS (pruritis[itching], alopecia, erythema)
674diagnosis of malassezia pachydermatis?GRAM STAIN, wet mounts, culture on SAB (fungus) and BA (bacteria)
675treatment of malassezia pachydermatis?nystatin or clotrimazole topical. ketoconazole (best of azoles for malassezia) oral for dermatitis
676what does "panolog" treat? what is it composed of?treats malassezia pachydermatis, is nystatin(antiyeast) + neomycin(antibacterial) + triamcinolone acetonide(antiinflammatory)
677what type of fungi is blastomycosis? where does it live?geographically?DIMORPHIC. soil borne (mycelial phase with spores)in USA.
678how is blastomycosis able to infect? effect?aerosol inhalation -> granulomatous lesions in lungs -> resp. distress. "pulmonary blastomycosis"
679what phase is blastomycosis in the enviro? in host?enviro=mycelial. host=yeast
680does blastomycosis have a capsule?no
681diagnosis of blastomycosis?wet mount of transtracheal aspirate or skin lesion exudate (budding yeast cells). culture 25* show mycelial form.
682treatment of blastomycosis?itraconazole is drug of choice.
683what type of fungi is histoplasma capsulatum?dimorphic
684where does histoplasma live? geographically?soil enriched with bat/bird excretia ....in the USA
685what animals affected by histoplasma?MOSTLY cats, dogs too
686how is an animal infected by histoplasma capsulatum?infection via inhalation ->granulomatous lesions/nodules in lungs. intestine maybe affected.
687symptomps of histoplasmosis?chronic cough, diarrhea, emaciation
688diagnosis of histoplasmosis?histopath, buffy coat smear, serology (blood smear to show mult of yeast cells IN MACROPHAGES)
689does histoplasma have a capsule?no, but a halo can sometimes be seen
690what structures will you see on a culture of histoplasma capsulatum?mycelia and tuberculate macroconidia
691treatment of histoplasma capsulatum?itraconazole and fluconazole
692what type of fungi is coccidioides immitis? aka?dimorphic. "valley fever" in humans
693where does coccidioides immitis live? geographically?in the soil/ dust-borne. southern USA, south america
694what animal is most affected by coccidioides immitis?dogs
695how are animals infected with coccidioides immitis?inhalation of infective arthrospores
696shape of arthrospores of coccidioides immitis?barrel shaped
697is coccidioides immitis transmittable to humans?no horizontal xmission from dog to man
698affected organs of coccidioides immitis?lungs
699signs of coccidioides immitis in dogs?dyspnea, weight loss, lymphadenopathy, seizures
700diagnosis of coccidioides immitis?serology, DTH, coccidoidin, skin test, histopath
701treatment of coccidioides immitis? how long?ketoconazole or itraconazole for up to 12 months
702control of coccidioides immitis?reduce exposure to dust in endemic areas
703what type of fungus is sporothrix schenckii, which causes sporotrichosis?dimorphic
704what animals are affected by sporothrix schenckii?horses, mules (rarely dogs and cats)
705where does sporothrix schenckii (sporotrichosis) live? geographically?soil-borne. worldwide.
706how is an animal infected with sporothrix schenckii(sporotrichosis)?skin wounds -> lymphatic spread
707is there horizontal transmission?(sporotrichosis)yes, example of cat to human
708treatment of sporothrix schenckii (sporotrichosis)?potassium iodide and sodium iodide (horses), itraconazole for cats
709what type of fungi cause zygomycosis? examples(meh)?dimorphic. Rhizopus, Mucor, Absidia, mortierella
710what does saphrophite mean?live in soil/ decaying matter or in body
711what dimorphic fungi is a saphrophite?zygomycosis
712how does an animal aquire disease of zygomycosis? what can it cause?inhalation/ingestion...can cause MYCOTIC ABORTION
713form of zygomycosis in enviro? tissue?enviro= closed sporangium. tissue= aseptate hyphae
714treatment of zygomycosis? prognosis?amphotericin B. poor prog.
715how does mycotoxicosis happen?mycotoxins produced by mold growing in feed
7164 main effects of mycotoxicosis?acute/chronic poisoning, immunosuppression, carcinogenicity, teratogenicity
717is mycotoxicosis contagious?nope
718diagnosis of mycotoxicosis? indicators of problems?diag through demonstration of toxin, feed refusal/decreased feed consumption indicates possible problem
719what type of disease is aflatoxicosis?mycotoxicosis
720mycotoxicosis AFLATOXICOSIS caused by? (mainly)?ASPERGILLUS (and penicillium, rhizopus, mucor...)
721what animals are typically affected by AFLATOXICOSIS?cattle, poultry
722acute AFLATOXICOSIS signs?bloody diarrhea, death
723subacute AFLATOXICOSIS signs?icterus, abortion
724chronic AFLATOXICOSIS signs?decreased feed effeciency, rough coat
725diagnosis of AFLATOXICOSIS?PM tissues, feed sample, HPLC, ELISA, chick embryo bioassay
726prevention/control of AFLATOXICOSIS?test feed, ammoniate feed, addition of toxin binders
727what type of disease is ochratoxicosis?mycotoxicosis
728what fungi can cause mycotoxicosis ochratoxicosis?aspergillus, penicillium
729animals affected by mycotoxicosis ochratoxicosis?pigs, poultry, horses
730signs of mycotoxicosis ochratoxicosis?weight loss, kidney, liver damage, abortion
731what causes mycotoxicosis ergotism?claviceps purpurea growth in seedheads
732animals affected by ergotism?cattle, sheep, horses, pigs, poultry
733signs of ergotism?neurotoxicity, convulsions, gangrene of extremeties
734prevention of ergotism?ergots should be removed mechanically or by flotation methods
735what type of disease is facial eczema?mycotoxicosis
736organism that causes facial eczema?pithomyces chartarum
737control of facial eczema?fungicide on pastures, zinc salts in feed to reduce liver toxicity
738facial eczema causes lesions because of...photosensitivity
739gram of staph? shape? shape while interacting with fellow staph?positive, cocci (round), bunches/clusters
740reaction to catlase test? what is the catalase test?Positive. add hydrogen peroxide, if it bubbles, it's staph (not strep)
741where does staph usually live?commencals of skin and mucuos membranes
742what type of lesions does staph cause?purulent. or a erythematous papular rash.
743where does staph readily multiply? where can it live that others cant?in milk and cheese, CAN survive in hospital enviro.
744how would you describe the pathogenicity of staph?opportunistic (injuries, lowered defense)
745virulence factors are depending on what? list 5.coagulase (clots plasma), hemolysins, tissue destroying enzymes/toxins (lipase, hyaluronidase, exfoliative toxins, leukocidin), beta-lactamases.
746what does staph cause in all animal species?skin infections, suppurative (discharging pus) wound infections, abscesses, joint infections
747what does staph cause in cattle/sheep/goats?mastits, tick pyemia in lambs
748what does staph cause in pigs?exudative dermatitis/grease pig disease(young pigs), mastitis
749what does staph cause in dogs?otitis externa, UTI, skin infections, vaginal infections
750what does staph cause in cats?secondary skin infections
751what does staph cause in horses?botryomycosis (spermatic cord)
752what does staph cause in poultrry?bumble foot, arthritis
753what does staph cause in pet birds?diarrhea
754name 4 main species of staph, and two animal-species-related ones?S. aureus, S. intermedius, S. epidermidis, S. hyicus. (S. felis for cats, S. schliefrei for dogs)
755S. aureus hemolysis rxn? animal species associated with? related diseases?yes, double zone hemolysis. all species. important in bovine mastitis.
756S. intermedius hemolysis rxn? animal species associated with? related diseases?double zone heolysis. dogs. pyoderma, otitis, UTI, eye infections
757S. epidermidis hemolysis rxn? animal species associated with? related diseases?no hemolysis. cats. mostly non-pathogenic, occasinal skin infection in cats.
758S. hyicus hemolysis rxn? animal species associated with? related diseases?non-hemolytic, pigs, exudative dermatitis (greasy pig disease)
759two staphs that do double zone hemolysis?aureus and intermedius
760diagnosis of staph?smear, culture for antibiotic sensitivity, catalase test, coagulase test
761immunity for staph?bacterins (vaccines made from dead bact.) limited usefulness
762drugs to treat staph (in general)? note about this? For mastitis? last resort?*test for resistance* penicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, cephlasporins (beta-lactams). For mastitis: cloxacillin methicillin. Last resort: vancomycin
763forms of staph mastitis?peracute (about to die--gangrenous), acute, subacute (between acute and chronic), chronic, subclinical (have it, but not sick enough for definite signs)
764symptoms of peracute (gangrenous) staph mastitis?fever, depression, anorexia, recumbancy, tachycardia
765diagnosis of staph mastitis?culture, somatic cell count (SCC), california mastitis test (CMT).
766treatment? special note about treatment? (staph mastitis)*antimicrobial suseptibility test required* intramammary infusion (and IM or IV for acute)
767what is the predominant coagulase positive staph on normal canine skin?s intermedius
768treatment of s. hycus infection?TMS (trimethoprimesufoxidide) systemic and topical antiseptics (cetrimide), fluid replacement
769gram reaction and shape of staph? when in groups looks like what?gram positive cocci in chains or pairs
770catalase reaction of strep?negative
771type of hemolysis on BA? explain what types meanBeta (complete), alpha (partial), gamma (none)
772classifications of strep into groups how, what are the groups?serological classification (latex aggln. kit) into lancefield groups A,B,C,D,F,G
773greening on blood agar may indicate what?incomplete (alpha) hemolysis
774does strep have a capsule?yes. antiphagocytic.
775habitat of strep?commensals or obligate pathogens of skin/mucous membranes
776will a strep infetion come from outside or inside?endogenous OR exogenous
777what does strep have to prevent phagocytosis?capsule AND antiphagocytic surface components (eg M proteins)
778what is the most pathogenic hemolysis?beta
7793 examples of virulence factors of strephemolysin, streptokinase (indirectly digests fibrin clots), hyaluronidase (digest CT)
780streptococcus canis-- animals affected, where in body and why?DOGS and cats. commensal of anal/vaginal mucosa
781what does s. canis cause?[suppurative (pussy) conditions..."puppy strangles", juvenile pyoderma, lymphadenitis], toxic shock syndrome (due to endotoxin), neonatal septicema in kittens, necrotizing fasciitis
782what does s. equi cause?equine strangles
783what type of pathogen is s. equi?obligate pathogen
784how is s. equi strangles transmitted?horse to horse via fomites (inanimate objects)
785what is bastard strangles? cause by?s. equi...abscesses in many organs
786treatment of s. equi strangles?penicillin to infected/in contact horses
787are vaccines effective? in s. equi strangles?partially (bacterin, m protein extract, modified vacceine)
788what causes equine pneumonia, endrometritis?s. equi subspecies
789S. Suis affects what animal? is is horizontally transmissible?PIGS. many ZOONOTIC
790S. suis can cause what diesases?meningitis, arthritis, septicemia in young pigs (also pneumonia, endocarditis, abortion)
791S. Suis treatment?penicillin, ampicillin or tiamulin
792what strep strain is associated with Chronic bovine mastitis?S. agalactiae
793strep associated with acute bovine mastits? (2)S. dys/a-galactiae, S. Uberis
794treatment of bovine mastits (strep)?penicillin/cloxacillin intramammary
795strep- "strangles in hogs" aka? agent? eradicated where?streptococcal lymphadenitis. caused by S. porcinus eradicated in US
796shape/grams rxn/ cause?pleomorphic rods, gram positive, cause pyogenic infections
797what does C. Renale cause? xmission? major sign? treatment?UTI cattle (pyelonephritis in cattle), xmit via venereal/urine splash. Purulent blood stained urine. TREAT w/penicillin
798what does C. pseudotuberculosis cause?caseous (cheese like) lymphadenitis in sheep/goats
799rhodococcus equi (formally known as?) shape? where does it live?G pos coccoid or short/pleomorphic rods. habitat is intestine of horse.
800rhodococcus equi- disease it causes? tx?Causes suppurative bronchopneumonia of foals. erythromycin, rifampin for clinical cases. prophylactic tx= penicilin G in newborn foals+ hyperimmune serum in newborns
801arcanobacterium pyogenes- aka? animals affected? habitat? type of pathogen?aka actinomycetes. sheep, cattle, pigs. mucous membs, skin...OPPORTUNISTIC
802diseases caused by arcanobacterium (8)abscesses, mastitis, pyometritis, arthritis, liver abscesses, plays role in sheep foot rot, SC abscesses, kidney infections
803Treatment of A. pyogenes?penicillin effective.
804what does actinomyces bovis cause?lumpy jaw in cattle
805what does a. viscosus cause?granulomatous abscesses of skin/SC in dogs/cats
806what does a. suis cause? tx?cystitis/pyelonephritis in pigs. PENICILLIN
807shape of nocardia? most common species? habitat?G-pos branching, N. asteroides. saphrophyte
808nocardia causes what in bovine? prevention/control?mastitis.. culling
809canine nocardia causes what?cutaneous form, resp. form, disseminated form
810treatment of canine nocardiosis?trimethoprim-sulfa or tetracyclines...penicillin NOT EFFECTIVE
811what does dermatophilus congolensis cause? in what?dermatophilosis/streptothricosis..skin infection in cattle/horses/sheep/goats
812other names for dermatophilus congolensis?rain scald/ rot, lumpy wool dz, strawberry foot rot
813what causes the infection in dermatophilus congolensis?the zoospores
814treatment of dermatophilus congolensis?penicillin + streptomycin OR long acting tetracyclines
815erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae causes what?"swine erysipelas" (diamond skin disease) [also septicemia in turkeys, arthritis in sheep]
816gram rxn? shape?g pos, RODS which become filamentous in chronic infection
817infection of non-immune pigs?orally via fish meal/contaminated feed
8184 forms of erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae?(1) septicemic form [young pigs, fever and red-purple skin patches, death] (2) skin form [diamond shaped red raised areas, necrosis, scabs] (3) arthritis [chronic] (4) cardiac form [valvular endocarditis, dyspnea, death]
819erysipelothrix in turkeys? how and what happens? tx?from soil contaminated with pigs....swollen snood, septicemia, death (penicillin IM for flock)
820treatment of erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae?penicillin/ampicillin- good vaccines out too, cull chronics
821causes what dz? important charateristic of dz?listeriosis NON CONTAGIOUS.
822gram rxn? shape? temp to grow?sm. gram pos coccobacilli/rods. 5-45*C
823habitat of listeria? virulence factors?saphrophyte of poor quality silage. virulent via enzymes (esp. listeriolysin O) and also a glyceride factor= monocytosis
8244 dz manifestations?(1) neural form (circling dz- meningoencephalitis) (2) abortion (sheep, cattle) (3) septisemic form (chinchillas, poultry, young rumi-- multifocal necrosis of liver, spleen (4) iritis, keratoconjunctavitis, mastits (bovine) --silage implicated
825control/tx of listeria?elim bad silage..penicillin, ampicillin, tetracycline in early stages in high doses
826most bacillus have what pathogenicity? habitat? geographically?most non, except bacillus anthrasis. Live in SOIL. Africa.
827gram of bacillus? shape of bact? arrangement of bac? shape of colonies?postive, large spore-forming (anthrasis=encapsulated rest arent) rods. can be in chains or threads. colonies- "ground glass" appearance and irreg edges.
828symptoms of anthrax? (calf? horse?)calf=septicemia, death, exudation of tarry blood from recutm. Horse=edematous swelling of neck, dyspnea, high fever
829susceptibility from most to least?RUMIs > humans (greater than or equal to) horses > pigs > BIRDS NOT SUSCEPTIBLE!!
830virulence factors of anthrax?(1) capsule antiphagocytic (2) tripartate toxin of [(a) edema factor (b) protective antigen (c)lethal factor]---> all three required for full activity
831anthrax spread?flies/carnivorous animals can spread it, water hole
832Tx.. vaccine? meds?You CAN vaccinate. Meds= penicillin or ciprofloxacin in humans
833control of anthrax...of carcass? disinfections? of environment?Carcass= incinerate or bury deep in calcium oxide. Disinfect=10% formalin. enviro= burn contaminated fecal matter/vegetation, close infected waterholes, keep vultures and coyotes away, remove healthy animals
834gram and shape of clostridium? respiration? Habitat?Gram pos, SPORE forming rods....old cells appear gram neg. Anaerobic. Soil or GI.
835how does clostridium cause dz?via toxins, enzymes
836what are the toxin forming (neurotoxic) non-invasive species of clostridium?C. tetani, C. botulinum
837what are the histotoxic clostridiums?C. chaucoel, C. septicum, C. novyi
838what is the enterotoxic clostridium?C. perfringens
839C tetani looks like what? causes what/ symptoms? habitat?drumstick terminal spores, tetanus (lockjaw, paralysis, protrusion of 3rd eyelid, drooling), lives in soil
840prevention/tx? of C tetanivaccination with tetanus toxoid, tx with antitoxin, penicillin. protect animal from light and noise.
841C. botulinum causes what? types? unique about this toxin?causes BOTULISM, toxigenic types A-G, MOST POTENT biological poison
842source of C botulinum?feed, abattoir offal, dead fish, maggots....honey with spores (infant botulism)
843signs of botulism?straddled posture, profuse salivation, paralysed tongue (abdominal breathing from paralysis of diaphragm)
844prevention/control of botulism?vaccination (mink, pheasants, cattle=limited use), admin antitoxin, remove birds from water, oral fluids/activated charcoal, prevent exposure
845what does C. chauvoei cause? onset?BLACK LEG in rumis, ESP young/thriving cattle. Sudden onset and acute.
846C. chauvoei signs/symptoms? prognosis?see lesions, usually in hind leg mm mass. Fever, lameness, crepitus ( cracking) mm. Mostly FATAL
847prevention/control?vaccinate cattle in endemic areas. penicillin for sick animals.
848what does C. septicum cause?wound edema, abomastitis (braxy-in UK-eat frozen grass). Wound infection! dirty deep wounds. malignant edema/gangrene. VACCINES AVAIL
849What does C. novyi cause?"big head" in rams after fighting, "black disease" in sheep (liver fluke predisposes them), bacillary hemoglobinuria
850what does C perfringens causes?know: cause diff kinds of toxins) necrotic enteritis in piglets/chickens, classical enterotoxiema in sheep (fatal, wound infecitons), diarrhea/hemorrhagic enteritis in dogs (less common= yellow lamb dz, gangrenous mastitis, struck, hemorrhagic diarrhea in foals)
851diagnostic/ tx of C perfingens diarrhea/hemorrhagic enteritis in DOGS?(*MOST COMMON DZ FOR C. PERF). diagnosis=lg number spore forming in feces. tx= tylosin or metronidazole....high fiber diet.
852tx of C perfingens?vaccinations (sheep/pigs), penicillin/bacitracin in feed for necrotic enteritis. prev/treat parasitic infections.
853tx of C perfingens for clostridial myositis in horses?penicillin or metronidazole
854grams? shape?technically positive but DOESNT GRAM STAIN. need to ACID FAST STAIN.
855respiration of mycobacterium? media needed? isolation time?STRICT aerobic. Need EGG based media, isolation time for classic species is 4-8wk
856classic species of mycobacterium?M tuberculosis, M bovis
857what does M bovis cause?tuberculosis in cattle (humans and monkeys too)
858what does M tuberculosis cause?TB in humans/parrots/monkeys/elephants
859M avium causes what?TB in birds
860what does M avium subspecies paratuberculosis cause in who?Johne's Dz in cattle
861diagnosis of tuberculosis?tuberculin test (delayed hypersensitivity FYI)
862Examples of cocci / shape?staphylococcus (bunches), streptococcus (lines) / round
863Examples of straight rodsPseudomonas, e. coli
864Examples of curved rodscampylobacter, vibrio
865Examples of branching rodsActinomyces, nocardia, dermatophilus (railroad tracks)
866Examples of spiralsLeptospira, borrelia
867Examples of cocco-bacillary / shape?pasturella, multocida / very short/ ovoid rods
868Examples of pleomorphic / shape?corynebacterium, / irregular shape
869What are L-forms?No cell wall, mostly spherical
870What cell has no shape?mycoplasma (not mycobacterium)
871branching bacteria?actinomyces (also nocardia, dermatophilus)
872what does placing a transport swab in the fridge accomplish?slows growth of bacteria
873pink curvy rods on a smear...how would they react in the fridge?wouldnt grow
874picture of gram positive rods "look like Chinese charaters" how would you describe it, what does it look like?pleomorphic, remember: corneybacterium
875two major attributes of pasturellacoccobacilli and bipolar staining
876does mycoplasma stain well with grams?no...mycoplasma doesnt have a cell wall to stain with grams
877is tetanus contageous?no
878endotoxins are secreted fromonly Gram negative bacteria
879are penacillins bacteriostatic?no theyre bacteriocidal
880is clavamox good to treat mycoplasma?no
881exotoxins are produced by...gram positive and gram negative
882does doxycycline affect gram neg bacteria?yes
883are capsulated bacteria virulent?yes
884what forms a spore and a capsule?bascillus anthrasis
885no gram stain worked on a bacteria. what antibiotic would you use?tetracycline
886what is the amount times (multiplied) the MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) to treat something?3-5X MIC at target site
887is clorhexadine sporicidal?no
888what is an endotoxin?LPS's from the cell wall of gram negative bacteria
889which is false? a. Penicllins inhibit cell wall synthesis b. Clavulanic acid is a beta-lactamase inhibitor c. Sulfonamides and trimethoprim should not be used together because of their antagonistic activity d. Antibacterial drugs are not effective against fungal infections e. Gentamicin is more likely to be effective against Psuedomonas than neomycin?C, sulfonamides
890are transport swabs designed for bacteria to multiply when refrigerated?no
891what forms spores?bascillus anthrasis, clostridium tetani (bascillus and clostridiums all do)
892corneybacterium would be described as?pleomorphic
893what causes something to be stained gram positive?gram stain sticks on/into big layer of peptidoglycan of cell wall
894what do you stain mycobacterium with?acid fast (wall too thick to use grams)
895what do you use negative staining on, what is the stain?encapsulated bacteria....india ink
896what do you stain leptospirosis with?gemsa or silverstain
897what are pillishort adhesion filament
898bipolar stain is what bacteria?pasturella
899what does gram positive mean?peptidoglycans in cell wall (P as in positive)
900what does gram negative mean?lipopolysaccharides in cell well (L as in loser as in negative attribute)
901mastitis is caused byStaph(treat with clavamox) and Norcardia(treat with tetracycline, erythromycin, or Trimethoprim-sulfadiazine ) both cause mastitis and they are Gram + but E.Coli which is Gram Negative also can cause Mastitis and you treat with intramammary polymyxin
902endotoxin is treated with?endotoxins produced by G- bact. treat with tetracylines and fluroquinolones since these treat gram negs and dont destroy the cell wall (endotoxins part of cell wall, released if destroyed)
903what type of bacteria use pilli?gram negative (Pilli has lots of "L's" in it...like lipopolysaccharides) (also gram positives wall is too thick for it) (pilli also look like little minus signs)
904another name for pilifimbriae
905examples of immune escapecapsules, toxins
906aquisition of virulence factors (4)?mutation, transformation (entry of free DNA--set the transformers free!), transduction (via bacteriophage aka virus---duck! here comes a virus!), conjugation**(very common...donor gene. PLASMDS. conjugate to plasmidding).
907what has outer membrane and periplasmic space?gram negatives (negatives have outer membrane for pili to attach to )
908when is a guarded swab used?collection from uterus
909florescent antibody test?antibody which fluoresces... if attaches to antigen, positive result will light up under blacklight. can test for antibodies (bruellosis) or antigens (black leg)
910capsule is more common in what type of bacteria? example?mostly gram negative, but positives can too. example is streptococcus pneumoniae or pasturella (capsule wont "slide off" of gram negatives with their possible pili- also gram pos wall too smooth and big)
911what is mycobacterium tuberculosis' cultivation (doubling) time?24 hours
912anaerobic bacteria definition, and examples?requires NO O2 to grow. Fusobacterium, clostridia, ecoli (facilitative)
913microaerobic definition, and examples?need a small amount of O2 (5%) ex: campylobacter jejuni (smiles in the sun--happy so dont need much)
914psychrophilic definition, and examples?cold-loving (grow at 4*C) ex: listeria, (yersinia enterococlitica)
915thermophilic defintion, and example?heat-loving (grow at 45* C) ex: campylobacter jejuni (smilin' in the sun)
916how would you describe MacConkey agar?SELECTIVE (usually gram negatives but NOT gram positives grow on McC agar. I guess MacConkey like being a negative Nancy, ha.)
917how is lactose fermentation indicated?pink colonies on McC agar
918what color can pseudomonas be?pseudomonas will produce a green colony on McC agar.
919what is an agglutination test? example??serum of animal mixed with suspension of specific killed organisms. will "clot" if positive. example: brucella*
920what is a tuberculin test? what type of a test is it? what does it test for?test for tuberculosis, it's a delayed hypersensitivity test. noteable reaction (swelling, irritation) to test means it's positive.
921what is a mallein test? what type of test is it? what does it test for?it's a delayed hypersensitivity test. injecton into eyelid of horse. It diagnoses glanders' disease in horses. (swollen = positive test)
922example of host susceptibility between species?shipping fever in cattle due to Mannheimia haemolytica does not affect dogs
923what bacteria can use entry via ingestion?salmonella from feed
924what bacteria can use entry via skin abrasion or mucosa?leptospirosis from contaminated water "wiggle into" skin/mucosa
925most active agent against pseudomonas?gentamicin (everything is "gentle" on pseudomonas EXCEPT "gentle-mycin") (it is an aminoglycoside)
926can cats acquire clinical leptospirosis from dogs?no, cats are resistant to lepto
927tetracyclines can be used to treatavian chlamydiosis, feline mycoplasmosis, feline chlamydophila, ehrlichia and rickettsia and neorickettesia in dogs. oxytetracycline for pink eye in cattle
928polymyxing-s, including pseudomonas
929florfenicolBRD-bovine respiratory disease, pasturella, mannheimia
930what drug is reccomended for treatment of pink eye in cattle?oxytetracycline
931what two drugs are considered better than gentamycin, what do they treat, their class?amikacin, tobramycin. aminolycosides. treat pseudomonas
932what is trimethoprim-sulfadiazine commonly used for?E. coli UTIs and bordetella respiratory infections
933good on pseudomonas?aminoglycosides (esp. gentamycin), polymixin, fluroquinalones
934not good on pseudomonas?sulfonamides, clavamox
935aminoglycosides treat what grams?negatives, including pseudomonas
936sulfonamides treat what grams?negatives
937ceftazidine and ceftiofur treat what grams?negatives (including pseudomonas)
938ceftazidime, ceftiofur= activity (bacteria) and diseases?activity= gram negs, including psuedomonas. diseases= wound, resp. infections
939tetracyclines= activity (bacteria) and diseases?activity= brucella, moraxella, listeria, mycoplasma, chlamydia, rickettsia, ehrlichia. diseases= brucellosis dogs, pink eye cattle, chlamydiosis cats, birds, rickettsial, ehrlichial
940aminoglycosides (gentamicin,amikacin)= activity (bacteria) and diseases?activity= gram negs including pseudomonas. diseases= otitis externa dogs, gram neg endometriosis in horse
941sulfonamide-trimethoprim= activity (bacteria) and diseases?activity= gram negs (e coli, salmonella, bordetella) NOT pseudomonas. diseases= UTI and resp tract infections
942fluroquinolones (enrofloxacin, orbifloxacin)= activity (bacteria) and diseases?activity= gram negs, most pseudomonas, gram pos, include staph. NOT anaerobes. Diseases= UTI, resp infections, pyoderma, osteomyelitis in sm animals

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Description: Professional SGUSVM (Bacteriology Final) Flashcards on Bacteriology: Final Flashcards, created by MRaythe on 03/12/2014.
Created by: MRaythe
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Bacteriology: Final Flashcards

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