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Flashcards

Microbioloy Ch 5

megan_mcdonald Microbiology English 141 cards

Cards in this deck (141)

  1. 1catabolismreactions that break down complex molecules into simpler ones
  2. 2exegonicreleases energy
  3. 3hydrolyticuse water up
  4. 4anabolismreactions that build complex molecules from simpler ones
  5. 5endergonicneed energy
  6. 6dehydration synthesisreleases water
  7. 7protein- broken down--> amino acid is an example ofexergonic catabolic reaction
  8. 8sugar-- broken down--> carbon dioxide and water example ofcatabolic exergonic reaction
  9. 9carbon dioxide and water-- built up--> sugars is an example ofexergonic anabolic reaction
  10. 10amino acids-- build into--> proteins is an exaple ofexergonic anabolic reaction
  11. 11meabolismthe sum of all chemical reactions within anorganism
  12. 12ATP stands forAdenosine Tri-Phosphate
  13. 13ATP couplesanabolic and catabolic reactions
  14. 14How does ATP use energy released from catabolism?low energy ADP is turned into high energy ATP
  15. 15After ADP is turned ino ATP...the ATP is used to drive anabolic reactions
  16. 16How does the 2nd Law of Termodynamics affect ATP?some of the energy is lost as heat during metabolic reactions
  17. 17metabolic pathwaysseries of steps metabolic processes occur in
  18. 18enzymea proein that acts as a catalyst
  19. 19catalystspeeds up a chemical reaction
  20. 20what do metabolic processes require?specific enzymes
  21. 21how do enzymes work?they lower the activation energy required for a reaction
  22. 22activation energyenergy required to kick start a reaction and disrupt electron configuration of molecules involved in a reaction.
  23. 23how are enzymes specific?their unique 3D shape
  24. 24How many specific reactions can one enzyme catalyze1
  25. 25ezymes act on asubstrate
  26. 26substratespecific target
  27. 27How efficient are enzymes?they can increase a reaction rate by 10^8 to 10^10 times
  28. 28Chemical reactions in the body would no be able to happen fast enough withoutenzymes
  29. 29how are enzymes named?according to the type of reacion they catalyze
  30. 30the suffix of an enzyme name is usually-ase
  31. 31dehydrogenaseremoves hydrogen
  32. 32oxidaseadds oxygen
  33. 33apoenzymethe protein portion of an enzyme
  34. 34active sitespecific region of protein where substrate attaches to enzyme
  35. 35cofactornon-protein portion of many (not all) funcional enzymes that activates the enzyme
  36. 36Which type of ions usually act as cofactor and why?metal ions, because of their charge
  37. 37coenzymewhen a cofactor is an oranic molecule instead of a metal ion
  38. 38coenzymes are often derived fromvitamins
  39. 39Coenzyme examplesNAD+, NADP+, FAD, coenzyme A (CoA)
  40. 40Which coenzymes are derivatives of bitamin B and niacin?NAD+ and NADP+
  41. 41Which coenzyme contains derivatives of vitamin B and riboflavin and acts as electron carrier during respiration?FAD
  42. 42which coenzyme is involved in synthesis/breakdown of fats and he Krebs cycle?CoA
  43. 43holoenzymea functional active enzyme when a cofactor is attached
  44. 44which factors influence enzyme activity?temperature, pH, inhibitors, subsrate concentration
  45. 45how does temperature influence enzyme activity?activity increases with temperature up until the point of denature
  46. 46how does pH influence enzyme activity?can cause enzyme to denature when outside of pH range
  47. 47how does pH influence substrate concentration?at saturation point all active sites are full, more enzymes need to be added to increase rate further.
  48. 48inhibitors areinactivate enzymes
  49. 492 types of inhibitorscompetitive or non competitive
  50. 50competitive inhibitorscompetes with substrate for access to active site
  51. 51noncompetitive inhibitorsbinds at an allosteric site
  52. 52allosteric sitesomewhere other than active site
  53. 53How do non competitive inhibitors work if they form at an allosteric site and not the active site?When they form at a diferent site, it canges the shape of the enzyme, which changes the shape of the active site , making it unable to bind with its specific substrate. a holoenzyme cannot form.
  54. 54the goal of energy production isto make ATP
  55. 55Why is ATP so vital in energy production?the energy between the phosphates can be released and used to drive endergonic reactions
  56. 56"energy carrier"ATP
  57. 57how can you make ATP from ADPphosphorylating ADP
  58. 58phosphorylationadding a phosphate
  59. 593 basic types of phosphorylationsubstrate level phosphorylation
    oxidative phosphorylation
    photophosphorylation
  60. 60substrate level phosphorylationthe phosphate group comes directly from an organic molecule
  61. 61how does oxidative phosphorylation work?electron carriers deliver electrons to an elecron transort chain
    the enery released is then used o produce ATP
  62. 62where does oxidative phosphorylation occur in bacteria?membrane
  63. 63Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur in eukaryotes?mitochondria
  64. 64photophosphorylationchlorophyll raps sunlight energy which is used to energize electrons which are then transferred down an electron transport chain
  65. 65cells that carry out photosynthesis use which type of phosphorylation?photophosphorylation
  66. 66what do most organisms break down for energy?carbohydrates
  67. 67what, besides glucose, can be broken down for energy?lipids, proteins, other sugars
  68. 682 general processes of energy productioncellular respiration and fermentation
  69. 692 types of cellular respirationaerobic cellular respiration
    anaerobic cellular respiration
  70. 70which types of organisms use aerobic cellular respiration?eukaryotes (including humans) and many bacteria
  71. 71in aerbic cellular respiration, what is the terminal electron acceptor?oxygen
  72. 72aerobic cellular respiration equationC6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6H2O + 6CO2 + energy
  73. 73three main stages of aerobic cellular respirationglycolysis, krebs cycle, electron transport chain
  74. 74glycolysisthe splitting of sugar
  75. 75what happens to glucose during glycolysis?6-carbon glucose is split into two 3-carbon pyruvates
  76. 76energy investment stage of glycolysis?uses 2 ATP to kick-start reaction
  77. 77energy payoff stage of glycolysiscreates 4 ATP
  78. 78what type of phosphorylation creates ATP during glycolysis?substrate level phosphorylation
  79. 79how many NADH are created during glycolysis?2
  80. 80What happens to the 2 pyruvates during the intermediate step of aerobic cellular respiration?2 pruvates are changed into 2-acetyl CoA molecules
  81. 81What are the results (in terms of the molecules and carbons) of the intermediate step of aerobic cellular respiration?2 pyruvates w/3 carbons each --> 2 Aceyl-Co A w/2 carbons each + 2CO2
    ALSO creates 2 NADH
  82. 82Krebs cycle can also be calledTCA cycle
  83. 83How many Acetyl-CoA molecules enter the Krebs cycle?2
  84. 84What molecules do the Acetyl-CoA produce during Krebs cycle?6 NADH
    2 ATP
    2 FADH2
    4 CO2
  85. 85ATP made during Krebs cycle are created by which type of phosphorylation?substrate level
  86. 86Which molecules enter the electron transport chain?10 NADH
    2 FADH2
  87. 87What do NADH and FADH2 do during electron transport chain?donate electrons that are used to run proton pumps
  88. 88where are proton pumps in bacteria?plasma membrane
  89. 89where are proton pumps in eukaryotes?mitochondria
  90. 90what do proton pumps dopush protons outside of bacteria/mitochondria, they then want to leave via chemiosmosis, they then diffuse down concentration gradient by passing through ATP synthase
  91. 91chemiosmosisprotons moving from high to low levels of concentration
  92. 92Which process is used to get protons to diffuse throuh ATP synthase?facilitated diffusion
  93. 93ATP synthase phosphorylates....ADP into ATP
  94. 94Each NADH that entered te ETC creates how many ATP3
  95. 95Each FADH2 that entered the ETC creates how many ATP?2
  96. 96total ATP made in ETC step10NADH x 3 + 2FADH2 x 2= 34 ATP
  97. 97the ATP made in ETC are created how?oxidative phosphorylation
  98. 98Wat happens to the donated electrons of ETC?They are collected by oxygen molecules and converted into H2O
  99. 99Which step of aerobic celllular respiration creates the most ATP?ETC
  100. 100how many total ATP are created during aerobic cellular respiration in bacteria?38
  101. 101How many total ATP are created during aerobic cellular respiration in eukaryotes?36
  102. 102Why do eukaryotes produce less ATP total tan bacteria?because the NADH made in glycolysis have to be moved into he innter matrix from mitocondria, 2 ATP are used up during this process
  103. 103How is anaerobic cellular respiration different chemically than aerobic cellular respiration?oxygen is not the terminal electron acceptor
  104. 104Is anaerobic cellular respiration the same as ferentation?no
  105. 105Which is more efficient, aerobic cellular respiration or anaerobic cellular respiration?aerobic cellular respiration
  106. 106denitrificationreducing NO3 to N2
  107. 107methanogenesisconverting cabonate to methane
  108. 108methanogenesis and denitriication are examples ofanaerobic cellular respiration
  109. 109fermentationpartial breakdown of glucose that does not require oxygen
  110. 1102 main stages of fermentationglycolysis and fermentation
  111. 111how does glycolysis of aerobic cellular respiration differ from fermentation?it doesn't, they are the same.
  112. 112what happens to 2 NADH during fermentationturns them back into NAD+ so glycolysis can proceed again
  113. 113lactic acid fermentationpyruvate--> lactic acid
  114. 1142 bacteria types that use lactic acid fermentation?streptococcus and lactobacillus
  115. 115what does lactic acid do?produces yogurt from milk, sauerkraut from cabbage, causes food spoilage
  116. 116alcohol fermentationpyruvate--> ethanol +CO2
  117. 117where does alcohol fermentation occur?yeasts/ saccharomyces, some bacteria
  118. 118What is alcohol fermenation used for?beer brewing, wine making, baking bread
  119. 119how many ATP are made through fermentation?2
  120. 1202 alternatives to glycolysispentose phosphate and entner-Doudoroff pathways
  121. 121Which yields more ATP, lycolysis or alternative pathways for catabolism of glucose?glycolysis
  122. 122What do alternative glucose catabolism pathways produce that glycolysis does not?precursor molecules that are not produced in glycolysis
  123. 123pentose phosphate pathwayproduces molecules used in creation of nucleotides and amino acids
  124. 124Entner-Doudoroff pathwayuses different enzymes and yields unique precursor molecules and NADPH
  125. 125How often are Enner-Doudoroff pathways used?in very few bacteria
  126. 126How can carbohydrates be broken down to be used for energy?First need to be broken down to glucose
  127. 127How can fats be broken down for energy?lipase breaks fats down into glycerol and fatty acids to enter respiration process at various stages
  128. 128Describe the process of breaking down proteins for energybacteria create protease enzymes that break down proteins into amino acids- usually the proteins are outside the cell wall.
    the aino acids cross the plasma membrane and undergo conversion into other organic molecules to be used in anabolism or Krebs cycle.
  129. 129photosynthesisconversion of light energy into chemical energy stored in chemical bonds
  130. 130photosynthesis equation6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy --> C6H12O6 + 6O2
  131. 131photosynthesis is performed bycyanobacteria, algae, and green plants
  132. 132two main stages of photosynthesislight dependent reactions, and light independent reactions
  133. 133light dependent reactions produce ATP throughphotophosphorylation
  134. 134what absorbs light energy in light dependent photosynthesischlorophyll primarily
  135. 135light absorbed by pigments is used for whatexcite electrons in special chlorophyll a molecules
  136. 136During light dependent reactions, what happens to electrons of chlorophyll a moleculesthey are sent down ETC and energy is released to make ATP and NADPH to drive light independent reactions
  137. 137What is the by product of light dependent photosynthesis?O2, from the splitting of H2O
  138. 138light independent reactions are also calledCalvin-Benson cycle
  139. 139describe light independent reactionscarbon is fixed, removed from CO2 and used to make sugar.
  140. 140which enzyme is used during light independent reactionsrubisco
  141. 141are light dependent reactions endergonic or exergonic?endergonic

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Microbiology
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