20338109
Description
Flashcards by Eavan Brennan, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Eavan Brennan
over 4 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Pharmacodynamics | How the medicine affects the body |
| Pharmacokinetics | How the body deals with the medicine absorption distribution metabolism elimination |
| routes of absorption | enteral parenteral transdermal respiratory |
| Medical Pharmacology | Use of drugs for diagnosis, prevention and treatment of disease |
| Drug Classes | NSAID |
| How do drugs affect the body | By interaction with receptors, transport systems and enzymes |
| What drugs do not interact with the body and yet have an effect | Anti Virals and Anti Microbials |
| Non Specific Drug action | Drugs that work on the epithelial cells and GI tract not getting into cells |
| what is a receptor | Protein structure found in cell membrane, nucleus and cytosol |
| What do receptors do | allow cell interaction by responding to signals that cells send out i.e. hormones and neurotransmitters |
| how are receptors specific | they are a particular shape. if we can make drugs fit that shape we can use the receptor |
| What is an agonist | Agent that binds to a receptor causing a response |
| what is a partial agonist | Agent that binds to a receptor and causes a submaximal response |
| antagonist | agent that bonds to a receptor but causes no response |
| what is specificity | the ability of a ligand to bind to a receptor i.e shape and fit - |
| what does specificity determine? | the effects and side effects of a drug |
| What is affinity | A measure of how strongly a ligand binds to a receptor |
| what does affinity determine? | How easily a drug that is bound can be replaced by another drug |
| what is efficacy | The ability of the ligand to activate the receptor and produce the response |
| Types of receptor | Adrenergenic Histaminergenic |
| What are the 4 principles of pharmacokinetics | AD ME Absorption Distribution Metabolism Elimination |
| what is absorption | how the drug gets into the body |
| what is distribution | where the drug goes to in the body |
| what is metabolism | how the body chemically modifies the drug into a form that is easily excreted |
| Excretion | how the body gets rid of the drug |
| what is the maximum concentration | the highest level the drug achieves in the blood from the dose delivered |
| what is the half life? | the time it takes for a drug to drop from its maximum level to half it's maximum level |
| rate and extent of absorption depends on | route of administration dose (amount and frequency) nature of drug (pH lipophilia etc) |
| What is bioavailability | The amount of drug that enters the systemic circulation following administration |
| what is first pass metabolism | the reduction in bioavailability caused by metabolism that occurs before the drug enters systemic circulation |
| advantages of the oral route | convenience compliance large surface area |
| disadvantages of the oral route | first pass metabolism |
| advantages of iv route | rapid reliable absorption large volumes continuous infusion no first pass metabolism |
| disadvantages of iv | pain infection more difficult to administer possible toxic effects from bolus |
| how are drugs distributed in the blood | bound to proteins, often albumin only % not bound is free drug interations if two are protein bound |
| stomach pH? | 3ish |
| duodenal pH? | 8ish |
| what is the blood brain barrier | the capillaries in the cns are not porous-difficult to get through - protective |
| what are the major enzymes involved in drug metabolism | cytochrome p450 (CYP) |
| Common drugs that can cause liver enzyme induction or inhibition | alcohol carbamazepine phenytoin phenobarbitone rifampin Anticonvulsant – Sodium Valproate Anti-TB medication – Isoniazid Anti-fungals - fluconazole Anti-bacterials – Erythromycin, Ciprofloxacin |
| what is the main organ of drug elimination | the kidney |
| what is used as a measure of renal function | creatinine clearence |
| what increases the likelihood of drug interactions | polypharmacy elderly chronically ill critically ill food smoking alcohol |
| what does A-PINCH stand for | Aminoglycosides and Vancomycin Potassium and other electrolytes insulins Narcotics Opioids and sedatives Cytotoxic medicines Heparin and all anticoagulants |
| What are A-Pinch drugs | High alert medications that carry a high risk of significant patient harm if given in error |
| what does SALAD stand for | sound alike look alike drugs eg naloxone and lanoxin |
| what is the most effective way of reducing medication error | automation, computerisation, forced functions and constraints |
| what are latent failures | factors that could contribute to the error they lie dormant until they contribute |
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