Flashcards
Understanding Psychology: Chapter 7
Cards in this deck (47)
- 1CognitionThe process whereby we acquire and use knowledge
- 2LanguageA flexible system of communication that uses sounds, rules, gestures or symbols to convey information
- 3PhonemesThe basic sounds that make up any language
- 4MorphemesThe smallest meaningful units of speech, such as simple words, prefixes and suffixes
- 5GrammerThe language rules that determine how sounds and words can be combined and used to communicate meaning within a language
- 6Syntaxthe system of rules that govern how we combine words to form meaningful phrases and sentences
- 7Semanticsdescribes how we assign meaning to morphemes, words, phrases and sentences = the content of language
- 8ImageA mental representation of a sensory experience
- 9ConceptsMental categories for classifying objects, people, or experiences
- 10PrototypeAccording to Rosch, a mental model containing the most typical features of a concept
- 11Linguistic Relatively HypothesisWhorf's idea that patterns of thinking are determined by the specific language one speaks.
- 12Linguistic DeterminismThe belief that thought and experience are determined by language
- 13SignsStereotyped communications about an animal's current state
- 14Problem RepresentationThe first step in solving a problem, it involves interpreting or defining the problem
- 15Divergent ThinkingThinking that meets the criteria of originality, inventiveness and flexibility
- 16Convergent ThinkingThinking that is directed toward one correct solution to a problem
- 17HeuristicsRules of thumb that help in simplifying and solving problems, although they do not guarantee a correct solution
- 18Hill ClimbingA heuristic, problem-solving strategy in which each step moves you progressively closer to the final goal
- 19SubgoalsIntermediate, more manageable goals used in one heuristic strategy to make it easier to reach the final goal
- 20Means-End AnalysisA heuristic strategy that aims to reduce the discrepancy between the current situation and the desired goal at a number of intermediate points.
- 21Working BackwardA heuristic strategy in which one works backward from the desired goal to the given conditions
- 22compensatory modelA rational decision-making model in which choices are systematically evaluated on various criteria
- 23RepresentativenessA heuristic by which a new situation is judged on the basis of its resemblance to a stereotypical model
- 24AvailabilityA heuristic by which a judgement or decision is based on information that is most easily retrieved from memory
- 25Confirmation BiasThe tendency to look for evidence in support of a belief and to ignore evidence that would disprove a belief
- 26FramingThe perspective from which we interpret information before making a decision
- 27Hindsight BiasThe tendency to see outcomes as inevitable and predictable after we know the outcome
- 28Counterfactual ThinkingThinking about alternative realities and things that never happened
- 29IntelligenceA general term referring to the ability or abilities involved in learning and adaptive behavior
- 30Triarchic Theory of IntelligenceSternberg's Theory that intelligence involves mental skills (analytical), insight & creative adaptability (creative intelligence), and environmental responsiveness (practical intelligence).
- 31Theory of Multiple IntelligencesHoward Gardener's theory that there is not one intelligence, but rather many intelligences, each of which is relatively independent of the others
- 32Emotional IntelligenceAccording to Goleman, a form of intelligence that refers to how effectively people perceive and understand their own emotions and the emotions of others, and can regulate and manage their emotional behavior
- 33Intelligence Quotient (IQ)A numerical value given to intelligence that is determined from the scores on an intelligence test on the basis of a score of 100 for average intelligence.
- 34Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale - 4th Ed. (WAIS-IV)An individual intelligence test developed especially for adults
- 35Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children - 4th Ed. (WISC-IV)An individual intelligence test developed especially for school age children
- 36Group TestsWritten intelligence tests administered by one examiner to many people at one time
- 37Performance TestsIntelligence Tests that minimize the use of language
- 38Culture-Fair TestsIntelligence tests designed to eliminate cultural bias by minimizing skills and values that vary from one culture to another
- 39ReliabilityAbility of a test to produce consistent and stable scores
- 40Split-Half ReliabilityA method of determining test reliability by dividing the test into 2 parts and checking the agreement of scores on both parts
- 41Correlation CoefficientsStatistical measures of the degree of association between 2 variables
- 42ValidityAbility of a test to measure what it has been designed to measure
- 43Content ValidityRefers to a test's having an adequate sample of questions measuring the skills or knowledge it is supposed to measure
- 44Criterion-Related ValidityValidity of a test as measured by a comparison of the test score and independent measures of what the test is designed to measure
- 45Intellectual DisabilityCondition of significantly subaverage intelligence combined with deficiencies in adaptive behavior, originating during the developmental period
- 46GiftednessRefers to superior IQ combined with demonstrated or potential ability in such areas as academic aptitude, creativity and leadership
- 47CreativityThe ability to produce novel and socially valued ideas or objects
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- Cognition & Mental Abilities
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- Raegan Ferro · Feb 2020
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- Mar 1, 2020
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