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| Question | Answer |
| what is at the centre of the earth? | a ball of solid iron and nickel called the core |
| what is the mantle made from? how does it move? | it is made from semi-molten rock which moves very slowly |
| what is the outer layer of the earth called? | crust |
| is the crust thick or thin? | it's very thin, about 20km |
| what is the crust divided into? | tectonic plates |
| what are the two types of plates that the crust is made from? | 1. continental crust 2. oceanic crust |
| describe the continental crust | thicker less dense |
| describe the oceanic crust | thinner more dense |
| what is the order of the earths structure from the middle to the outside | 1. inner core 2. outer core 3. mantle 4. crust |
| why do the earths plates move? | because the rock underneath them in the mantle is moving |
| what are the places where the plates meet called? | plate margins |
| what are the 3 types of plate margins? | 1. destructive margins 2. constructive margins 3. conservative margins |
| what is a destructive plate margin? | where two plates move towards each other |
| what is a constructive plate margin? | where two plates are moving away from each other |
| what is a conservative plate margin? | where two plates slide past each other or move in the same direction but at different speeds |
| describe how a destructive plate margin works | 1. the oceanic plate meets the contential plate, the denser oceanic plate is forced down into the mantel where it is destroyed. this then often causes volcanoes and ocean trenches. 2. two contential plates meet, the plates smash against each other, but no crust is destroyed |
| describe what happens at a constructive plate margin | two plates move away from each other, this causes magma to rise from the mantle to fill the gap. this then cools and creates the new crust |
| describe what happens at a conservative plate margin | plates slide past each other in the same direction but at different speeds or past each other in opposite directions. This doesn't create crust or destroy it |
| where are fold mountains formed? | destructive plate margins |
| how do fold mountains form? | when two tectonic plates collide the sedimentary rock that has built up between them is folded and forced upwards to form a fold mountain |
| what are fold mountain areas like? | they have lots of high mountains, which are very rocky with steep slopes. There is often snow and glaciers in the highest bits and lakes in the valleys between the mountains |
| what do humans use fold mountains for? | 1. farming 2. hydro-electric power (HEP) 3. mining 4. forestry 5. tourism |
| what is the case study for fold mountains? | The Alps |
| where is the Alps? | Central Europe |
| what countries do The Alps stretch across? | austria germany france italy liechtenstein slovenia switzerland |
| what do people use The Alps for? | farming hydro-electric power (HEP) tourism mining forestry |
| how is farming done on the alps? | 1. The steep upland areas are used to farm goats, which provide milk, cheese and meat 2. Some sunnier slopes have been terraced to plant vineyards |
| how is hydro-electric power (HEP) used on The Alps? | 1. The narrow valleys are dammed to generate HEP 2. The electricty is then used in local homes and businesses. It's also exported to towns and cities further away |
| how is mining useful in The Alps? | people have found salt, iron ore, gold, silver, and copper in the Alps, but the mining has declined dramatically due to cheaper forgein sources |
| how is forestry used in The Alps? | Scots Pine is planted all over the Alps because it is more resilient to the munching goats, which kill native tree saplings. The trees can then be logged and sold to make things like furniture. |
| how many tourists visit the alps each year? | 100 million, this makes it a big part of the economy |
| what do tourists use the alps for? | winter sports like snowboarding and ice climbing summer sports like mountain biking and walking |
| what has been built in The Alps to cope with the number of tourists? | new villages ski lifts cable cars holiday chalets restaurants |
| where are volcanoies found? | destructive and constructive plate margins |
| what are the 3 different types of volcano? | 1. Composite volcano 2. Shield volcano 3. Dome volcano |
| what are the characteristics of a composite volcano? | made up of ash and lava that's erupted, cooled and hardened into layers. the lava is usually thick and flows slowly. It hardens quickly to form a steep-sided volcano. |
| what are the characteristics of a shield volcano? | made up of only lava. the lava is runny. it flows quickly and spreads over a wide area, forming a low, flat volcano. |
| what are the characteristics of a dome volcano? | made up of only lava. the lava is thick. it flows slowly and hardens quickly, forming a steep-sided volcano. |
| what is the volcano case study? | mount st helens |
| what is a convection current? | the inner core of the earth is so warm it is filled with radio active decay of iron and nickel. this causes the magma to rise towards the earths surface. when it reaches the top it gets dragged sideways causing the earths surface to slowly change. once it has been dragged sideways it cools down causeing the magma to sink back down towards the inner core. |
| what sort of pattern are earthquakes and volcanoes formed on? | a linear pattern |
| what are three social responses to the mount st helen eruption | 1.money was given to rebuild houses after 200 homes were destroyed 2. compensation was given to farmers because what they producd on their farms was destroyed by being covered in ash-$70 million 3.new tourists facilities were being built to gain back tourists they had lost-plays a big part in the ecomony |
| what are three economic responses to the mount st helen eruption | 1. money was given to redevelop the salmon hatcheries after 12 million baby salmon were killed 2. a new highway was built and major repairs were undertaken because 250km of roads and 25km of railways were damaged costing $7million 3. millions of trees were replanted because there was a huge loss of timber which would cost $330 milion |
| what are three enviromental responses to the mount st helen eruption | 1. Drains has to be cleared to prevent flooding 2. a million tonnes of ash were removed from roads buildings and airports. it took ten weejs to remove ash from the toen yakima costing $1 million 3. a channel was dredged to remove logs and levees were rebuilt to reduce floods which could happen in the future |
| where is mount st helens | mount st helens is found on the nouthern hemisphere, in the north west coast of america, in wasshington state. to the bottom of mount st helens, spirit lake is found |
| why are the alps ideal for generating electricity? | because of the deep narrow v-shape valleys |
| how many people were killed due to the mount st helens eruption? | 63 people |
| what did the landslide due to the mount st helens eruption cause | it caused volcanic deposit to spread which were 150 metres deep |
| when did mount st helens erupt? | 1980 |
| what is a supevaolcano? | a massive volcano |
| what is the supervolcano case study? | yellow stone national park in the usa |
| what part of americal is yellow stone national park? | north america |
| what plate boundary is yellow stone natinal park on? | a hotspot |
| how much area was affected due to the yellow stone eruption? | 2500 km2 |
| what effects would be caused if yellow stone volcano was to erupt? | 1. a 12 degree temerature drop causing a volcanic winter or even the next ice age 2. 87,000 deaths due to suffication from the ash 3. 2/5 of the worlds population would starve due to monsoon rains falling because of the drop in temperature |
| what two scales can measure earthquakes? | 1. richter scale 2. mercalli scale |
| what does a richter scale measure? | 1. it measures the magnitude on a scale of 1-9+ 2. the magnitude is measured by a seismometre, with an arm that moves with the vibration of the earth |
| what is magnitude? | the energy released by an earthquake |
| what does an mercalli scale measure? | 1. this measures the effect of an earthquake on a scale of 1-12 2. effects are measured by eye witnesses, this can be through words or photos |
| what is the earth quake case study in rich and poor parts of the world? | rich part of the world-L'Aquila, Italy poor part of the world-Kashmir, Pakistan |
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