Flashcards
Psychology - Attachment
Cards in this deck (50)
- 1BOWLBY Adaptive Survival MechanismIt's an innate programming that increases a child's chance of survival
Mother + child bonded due to past dangers - 2BOWBLY Social ReleasersInnate behaviours that prevent the child from falling into danger
E.G. crying, smiling, clinging - 3BOWLBY Critical Period7 months - 3 years
It's when an attachment HAS to form, or the child will become an "emotionless psychopath" - 4BOWLBY MonotropyA child's 1st attachment MUST be with their Mother
Sets the foundations for emotional development + later adult relationships - 5BOWLBY Internal Working ModelContinuity hypothesis
Attachment behaviour in childhood will be the same in later life
Guides future relationships - 6BOWLBY STRENGTHS - LorenzSupports Adaptive Survival Mechanism
Did a study on gosling's + found that they imprint on the first thing they see
Shows that innate programming keeps babies safe - 7BOWLBY LIMITATIONS - Kuluchova TwinsRejects Critical Period
Twins were ignored all their lives + had nobody to form an attachment with, but later in life had loving relationships - 8BOWLBY LIMITATIONS - Politically FundedThe study was done just after WW2 + many people argue that "monotropy" was added to get women out of the factories + back to their traditional roles
- 9LEARNING THEORY Key FeaturesAll kids born as a "tabula rosa"
All behaviour is learnt - 10LEARNING THEORY Classical ConditioningFood + Pleasure --> Caregiver
Makes kids want to form an attachment with caregiver to receive more pleasure - 11LEARNING THEORY Operant ConditioningLearn through actions + consequences
Pri' Reinforcer - food/warmth
Sec' Reinforcer - caregiver who provides food/warmth
Child will form an attach' with whoever feeds it - 12LEARNING THEORY STRENGTHS - Dollar + MillerSupports Classical Conditioning
Removal of hunger associated with caregiver
Children had their 1st attach' with the caregiver who fed them - 13LEARNING THEORY LIMITATIONS - HarlowChallenges importance of food
Found that monkey's wanted warmth + comfort from cloth dolls rather than food from cold, wire dolls - 14LEARNING THEORY LIMITATIONS - Shaffer + EmersonFood importance is overestimated
Did a longitudinal study + found that kids will form an attachment to whoever shows them +ive reinforcement - 15TYPES OF ATTACHMENT SecureCaregiver = secure base
Wary of strangers
Easily soothed by caregiver
Slightly upset when caregiver leaves - 16TYPE OF ATTACHMENT Insecure ResistantClings to caregiver + won't explore
High stranger anxiety
Seek + reject behaviour
Intense distress when caregiver leaves - 17TYPES OF ATTACHMENT Insecure AvoidantExplores room + ignores caregiver
Ignores stranger
Doesn't seek comfort when caregiver returns
Indifferent when caregiver leaves - 18STRANGE SITUATION Key FeaturesDevised by Mary Ainsworth
100 M/C American infants + parents
Controlled observation
Kids individually tested - 19STRANGE SITUATION Episode 1Parent + child plays together
Exploration behaviour observed - 20STRANGE SITUATION Episode 2Child plays by themselves
Exploration behaviour observed - 21STRANGE SITUATION Episode 3Stranger + parent talk
Stranger anxiety observed - 22STRANGE SITUATION Episode 4Parent leaves + stranger offers comfort
Separation protest observed - 23STRANGE SITUATION Episode 5Parent returns + stranger exits
Reunion behaviour observed - 24STRANGE SITUATION STRENGTHS - MainPredictive validity
Found that 100% of securely attached kids were still securely attached years later - 25STRANGE SITUATION LIMITATIONS - Ethical IssuesIntentionally causes stress - breaks protection of participants
In Episode 6, 20% of infants cried "desperately" - 26STRANGE SITUATION LIMITATIONS - Lacks Pop' ValidityUngeneralisable to eastern cultures
Done in America + the way the did the study will be different to how an eastern culture would do the study - 27CULTURAL VARIATIONS IN ATTACHMENT Van Ijzendoorn + KroonenburgCarried out a meta-analysis using 32 studies that involved 8 countries
60% of the worlds pop' is securely attached - 28CULTURAL VARIATIONS IN ATTACHMENT West Germany35% were insecure avoidant
- 29CULTURAL VARIATIONS IN ATTACHMENT Japan27% insecure resistant
- 30CULTURAL VARIATIONS IN ATTACHMENT China25% insecure resistant
- 31CULTURAL VARIATIONS IN ATTACHMENT UK75% secure
- 32CULTURAL VARIATIONS IN ATTACHMENT USA65% - secure
- 33CULTURAL VARIATIONS IN ATTACHMENT Israel29% insecure resistant
- 34DISRUPTIONWhen an attachment is formed, but disrupted by separation of caregiver + child
- 35DISRUPTION PDD ModelPROTEST - child does everything to stay with their caregiver
DESPAIR - child looses hope
DISRUPTION - child is emotionally flat + internally distressed (detach' continues for months after reunion) - 36DISRUPTION ROBERTSONS - What didThey took in 4 kids who's parent had been taken into hospital - allowed them to bring items from their homes
John was left in the care of a residential nursery while his Mother was ill - 37DISRUPTION ROBERTSONS - What foundThe four kids that they fostered were slightly upset, as they had formed an attachment with the Robertsons
John showed signs of PDD + had a disturbed relationship with his Mother for many months - 38PRIVATIONSituations in which a child does not form an attachment
- 39PRIVATION CURTISS - GenieFound at 13 after her Mother called the police
She was tied to a potty chair, couldn't talk, couldn't walk + had the IQ of a 10 year old
Eventually made some progress, but relapsed in bad institutional care - 40PRIVATION Genie Extra'sMany believed that she could never develop fully because she was found after age 10
- 41PRIVATION Kuluchova TwinsFound at 7 + adopted by 2 sisters at 9
Severely beaten, malnourished + never spoken to by parents
Unable to speak + extremely low IQ's
Eventually they had above average IQ's + loving relationships - 42PRIVATION Kuluchova Twins ExtrasTheir case suggests that extreme privation can be reversed if kids are found before age 10
- 43INSTITUTIONAL CARESituations where a child spends part of their life in an orphanage
- 44INSTITUTIONAL CARE SKEELS + DYE - What didCompared the IQ's of 2 groups of orphans
One group stayed in the orphanage as they had average IQ'S - 86
The other group went to a HMR as their IQ's were below average - 64 - 45INSTITUTIONAL CARE SKEELS + DYE - What foundOne to one care drastically improves IQ, whilst group care worsens IQ
HMR - up by 28
Orphanage - down by 16 - 46INSTITUTIONAL CARE RUTTER - What didA longitudinal study of 100 Romanian orphans who were all placed in an orphanage before being adopted in the UK
He followed up the kids at ages 4, 6, 11 + 16 - 47INSTITUTIONAL CARE RUTTER - What foundKids adopted BEFORE 6 months had normal emotional development
Kids adopted AFTER 6 months had LT effects such as poor social/emotional development + disinhibited attachments - 48DAYCARE + SOCIAL DEVELOPMENTVANDELL - good quality DC improves peer relations
FIELD - good quality DC leads to better development, increased popularity + higher self esteem
FIELD - bad quality DC hinders peer relations - 49DAYCARE + SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT AGGRESSIONBELSKY - 10- hours a week keeps aggro' levels normal, but 30+ hours a week increases aggro' levels
FIELD - high quality DC decreases aggro'
NICHD - more day care = more aggro' - 50DAYCARE What makes a good daycare?Low staff turnover - allows for a child to bond with them
High staff to child ratio (1:3) so kids will get as much attention as they need
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- A-level Psychology (PSYA1) Flashcards on Psychology - Attachment, created by BritishRaven on 05/05/2015.
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