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Flashcards

Nazi Germany

Phoebe Hamilton History GCSE English 102 cards

Cards in this deck (102)

  1. 1When did the first world war end?11th November 1918
  2. 2Who was the leader of Germany during WW1?Kaiser Wilhelm II
  3. 3How did WW1 end?With the signing of the armistice. The new Weimar government signed the armistice and agreed to the Treaty of Versailles.
  4. 4What was the problem with the new Weimar government?The people blamed them for losing the war as the had signed the armistice and people thought they were weak.
  5. 5What happened to the Kaiser?He was forced to abdicate and fled the country.
  6. 6What was the 'Stab in the Back' myth?The people of Germany blamed the new government for their problems, and for signing both the armistice and the Treaty of Versailles. They had not known they were losing. The politicians were known as the 'November Criminals'.
  7. 7What were the terms of the Treaty of Versailles?> Lost 13% of Land
    > Army reduced to 100,00, no airforce, only 3 naval ships
    > Had to pay £6.6 billion in reparations
    >Had to take the blame for the war - War guilt clause (Article 231
  8. 8How was the Reichstag organised?Proportional Representation - The no. of seats your party got depended on the no. of votes you got. Although this method seemed fair it meant that the Reichstag was often very divided, minor parties had too much influence, often coalitions were formed just so that a party could have a majority.
  9. 9What was the Spartacist Rising?A Communist revolt, January 1919, led by Rosa Luxembourg and Karl Liebknecht , the leaders of the Spartacist League. Freikorps and the army were called in to stop the rising. Leaders executed, unofficially, by the Freikorps.
  10. 10Who were the Freikorps?Anti-communist ex-army members. They were right wing whereas the government was left wing, so the government did not really trust them.
  11. 11What was the Red Rising?A Communist army of around 50,000 occupied the Ruhr in 1920, took control of the raw materials. Crushed by the army and Freikorps, over 1000 killed.
  12. 12What was the Kapp Putsch?In 1920, the leader of the Freikorps, Wolfgang Kapp, attempted to seize power. Workers went on strike to protest against this which made it impossible for him to rule, so he fled.
  13. 13What was the Munich Putsch?In 1923, Hitler attempted to take over Germany. Interrupted a meeting of the gov. in the Beer Hall. Around 50,000 members of the Nazi Party, including their own private army, the SA, tried to take over Berlin and Munich and set up a new government in Munich.
  14. 14What was the result of the Munich Putsch?It failed due to poor planning, and Hitler and many other members of the Nazi Party were arrested and sent to prison.
  15. 15What happened at Hitler's trial?Hitler's trial was biased, the judge was a Nazi, and Hitler's trial turned into an opportunity for him to promote the Nazi Party.
  16. 16Why was 1923 a year of crisis?In 1922, Germany had fallen behind on reparations payments. French troops occupied the Ruhr to teke what was owed in the form of resources.
  17. 17How did the government respond to the French occupation of the Ruhr?The government ordered an protest of Passive Resistance, and told the workers that if they went on strike and refused to cooperate with the French troops, they would carry on paying their wages.
  18. 18What did the policy of Passive Resistance lead to?It caused the government to slowly run out of money. In response they printed more money to carry on paying the workers. However this led to Hyper-inflation.
  19. 19What was hyper-inflation?As the government kept giving the worker's more money, they kept spending it so prices went up and the value of money started to decrease. Many people suffered as everyday items became unaffordable - they turned against the government.
  20. 20How did some people benefit from hyperinflation?People with loans found it easier to pay back their debts
    Some businessmen able to pay back loans used to set up their companies
    People lost trust in the government which created an opportunity for the Nazis
  21. 21How did some people suffer because of hyperinflation?People's saving became worthless
    Those with fixed incomes suffered e.g. pensioners
    People had died during the crisis in the Ruhr
    The government lost the confidence of the people
  22. 22How did Gustav Stresemann help Germany to recover?Quickly brought hyperinflation under control by recalling old currency and replacing it with the new Rentenmark. Negotiated the Dawes plan. Signed the Locarno treaties and helped Germany join the League of Nations. Also later negotiated the Young plan.
  23. 23What was the Dawes plan?1924. Gave Germany longer to pay off reparations, brought in US loans which the government used to build new infrastructure and stabilize the economy. However, this possibly made Germany too dependent on America.
  24. 24What were the Lorcarno treaties?In 1925, Germany signed treaties with Britain, France and Belgium, helping to repair relations with these countries. By also joining the League of Nations, Germany began to be involved in major decisions. However, people felt he should have won back the land from the T of V.
  25. 25What was the Young plan?1929. Gave Germany even more time to pay off reparations. However some felt they should not be paying reparations at all and that this only meant extending the time they would be paying them for.
  26. 26What was the Weimar Culture?During the 1920s, Germany began to develop culturally. Art, cinema, architecture, music. Traditionalists and right wing critics thought that this was undermining German values.
  27. 27How did the Nazi Party try to increase support during the 1920s?> Changed tactics, everything legal rather than force, have to be elected
    > Through their policies and slogans, and if people did not like one of their policies, they changed it, Hitlers speeches persuaded many.
    > Propaganda, run by Goebbels, used posters, meetings, newspapers
  28. 28What other methods did the Nazis use to gain support in the 1920s?> Intimidation - the SA was set up 1921, disrupted meetings of political opponents, stood outside polling stations, used violence
    > Nazi organisations such as the Hitler Youth - increased support among different groups
  29. 29What did the Nazis not receive much support during the 1928 elections?> lacked the support of the working class
    > Hitler had been banned from public speaking until 1928
    > 1924-28 was a time of prosperity so people were happy with the government
    > Nazi ideas were too extreme and put many people off
  30. 30How did the Wall St. Crash and the Great Depression help the Nazis to gain support?US banks started to recall their loans, so Germany lost a lot of its money and there was a lot of unemployment as businesses lost their money. The government seemed to have no idea what to do and people blamed them for the situation. Started to turn to extremist groups.
  31. 31How did Nazi Promises help the Nazis to gain support?They promised to solve the economic crisis and give people work, destroy the T of V, restore the army, be strong leaders. This appealed to the people who were despairing.
  32. 32How did fear of Communism help the Nazis to gain support?As people's lives became more difficult more workers began to support the communists, but this scared businessmen and employers. The Nazis were anti-communist and this appealed to industrialists, who helped to fund Nazi campaigns.
  33. 33How did Hitler's leadership help the Nazis to gain support?He was a charismatic and influential public speaker. He was also surrounded by a team of very loyal and effective leaders. Gained a lot of support for the Nazis.
  34. 34How did Nazi propaganda help the Nazis to gain support?Joseph Goebbels in charge. Used the latest tech such as film, loudspeakers and slideshows. In 1932, Hitler travelled around the country by plane to speak to as many people as possible as Mass rallies which made people proud to be German. Posters were used effectively to spread propaganda.
  35. 35How did Local Organisations help the Nazis to gain support?Local leaders from Gauleiters ran meetings, helped the unemployed by providing food or recruiting them into the SA. The Hitler Youth began educating children in Nazi policies from a young age. SA gained a reputation for being disciplined young men, not violent.
  36. 36How did Weak Opposition help the Nazis to gain support?The Social Democrats and the Communists were their main opponents, neither of them took the Nazis seriously, but voters did not trust the SDs because they were weak and indecisive rulers.
  37. 37How did Political problems help the Nazis to gain support?The democratic ideals of the Weimar constitution led to problems as no party had a majority and governments were weak and did not last long. The actions taken by the gov. had in some cases made the depression worse. President Hindenberg was using Article 48 because of the weak government.
  38. 38How did the Political Deal help the Nazis to gain support?After the June 1932 elections, the Nazis were the largest party but did not have a majority. President Hindenberg appointed his friend von Papen as Chancellor rather than Hitler. The Reichstag did not support. Hitler made a deal for him to be Chancellor and von Papen Vice-Chancellor. Had no control.
  39. 39How did Hitler become Chancellor in 1933?> 1932 elections (June and November) - Von Papen Chancellor
    > Von Papen did not have support so von Schleicher appointed
    > Von Papen persuaded Hindenberg to make Hitler Chancellor and himself Vice-. He thought he could control Hitler.
  40. 40When did Hitler become Chancellor?January 30th 1933
  41. 41How did the Auxilliary police force consolidate the Nazi's control?The decree setting up the Auxilliary police force stated that police were to be notified before any election meeting and could break up a meeting if there was a danger to public security. The police were Nazi-controlled and disrupted the Nazi's opponents.
  42. 42How did The Reichstag Fire consolidate the Nazi's control?27th Feb, the Gov. building set on fire. Police found a dutch communist, Van der Lubbe at the scene. The Nazis claimed the Communists were staging a takeover. Arrested 4000 communists in 1 night. Happened a week before the March elections.
  43. 43How did the Emergency Decree consolidate the Nazi's control?Passed on 28th Feb 1933. Restricted personal freedom of speech, the press and freedom of assembly. The Nazis banned their opponent's meetings and closed newspapers a week before the elections. Police could search houses, confiscate property and detain people indefinitely without trial.
  44. 44How did the March Elections consolidate the Nazi's control?Then Nazis won 288 seats but did still not have a majority, despite all previous measures detaining opponents and having full control of the media.
  45. 45How did the Enabling Act consolidate the Nazi's control?23rd March 1933. The Nazis voted to give Hitler the right the make his own laws without the consent of the Reichstag. Members were intimidated by the SA. End of democratic rule and Weimar republic. The rest of the Reichstag now had no voice.
  46. 46How did banning trade unions consolidate the Nazi's control?Potentially were sources of opposition to Hitler, more left wing. Banned them and made strikes illegal, this gained him the support of industrialists. Did not want the economy weakened further.
  47. 47How did making other political parties illegal consolidate the Nazi's control?From Mar to Jul, parties still existed but members were being forced into exile. In July 1933, Hitler issued another decree making all political parties illegal except the Nazi party. Now a One-Party State.
  48. 48How did making Goebbels the head of the Reich Propaganda Ministry consolidate the Nazi's control?He had the Art of Persuasion - making others believe your story/ viewpoint is correct. He exaggerated the Nazi's power and control, etc. to gain support. He was the 'Minister of Enlightenment'. Controlled all Nazi media as well as public entertainment and integrated racism and Nazi ideas into the media.
  49. 49How did the Night of the Long Knives consolidate the Nazi's control?June 1934. Was the wiping out of the SA's leadership and others who had angered Hitler in the recent past. Afterwards the SA was replaced by the SS, lead by Heinrich Himmler, became far more important in Germany.
  50. 50What happened on the Night of the Long Knives?SS and police arrest SA leaders, many executed. Ernst Rohm jailed(he had undermined Hitler's position) and he and Strasser are shot dead the next day. The SS are made up of many army members and the SA, replace the SA, therefore winning Hitler the support of the Army.
  51. 51How did Hindenberg's death consolidate the Nazi's control?Hitler appointed himself the Fuhrer on 2nd August 1934, within hours of Hindenberg's death. Hitler was now Head of State and Commander of the Army. Every member of the army swore a an oath of personal loyalty to Hitler.
  52. 52What kind of Germany did the Nazis want to create?A Strong Germany - Wanted to overturn T of V, be a strong military power. A Racial Germany - Believed Aryans a superior race and Germany's problems because not run by racially pure Aryans. A Volksgemeinschaft - people's community, individuals less important, more about the good of Germany.
  53. 53How would the Nazis run Germany?> a dictatorship
    > a one-party state
    > economic success
    > a police state
    > a propaganda state
  54. 54Who were the SS?> SS - black uniform, Hitler's personal bodyguard, could search houses and arrest without trial, members had to be Aryan, in 1939 had 240,000 members, was made up of the Waffen SS, elite soldiers, and the Death's Head unit ran the concentration camp.
  55. 55Who were the Gestapo?The Nazi secret police tapped phones and collected information from informants. Tortured and arrested people, sent to concentration camps.
  56. 56How did the Nazis use concentration camp?First camps set up to hold prisoners for a short period of time for labour or questioning. In the late 1930s became much more deadly and prisoners forced to work for Nazi-run businesses.
  57. 57How were the courts used to control people?All judges were Nazis, no fair trials, new laws enforced, often punishable by death.
  58. 58How did the Nazis use Local wardens to control people through terror?Local wardens from Gauleiters would be assigned to a block of a town and would write a report about each person within that block. These reports would be sent to the Gestapo.
  59. 59How did the Nazis use Newspapers?Any newspapers that did not support the Nazis were closed down. Banned Jews from the media and carefully controlled what was printed by sending instructions every day.
  60. 60How did the Nazis use posters to control people?Anti-Semitic images and slogans and images and slogans presenting the greatness of an Aryan family or Hitler were posted in towns and cities everywhere. Wanted to pass the Nazi message to as many as possible.
  61. 61How did the Nazis use rallies to control the German people?Chance to demonstrate how strong and organised they were and to glorify Germany's military. Germany also hosted the 1936 Olympics at which Germany won most of the medals.
  62. 62How did the Nazis use books to control people?Immediately began to destroy books that were anti-Nazi. There were mass book burnings outside libraries and universities. Any new book had to be censored by Goebbels.
  63. 63How did the Nazis use radio to control the Germans?Radio stations were under the control of the Nazis, so the broadcast Nazi slogans and especially Hitler's speeches. The Nazis also mass produced cheap radios to spread their message further.
  64. 64How were films used to control people?Films and entertainment strictly controlled and some were specifically made to present Nazis views, especially anti-antisemitism, e.g. The Eternal Jew.
  65. 65How was the Church controlled by the Nazis?The Catholic Church had signed the Concordat - the church would not interfere in politics and the Nazis would leave the church alone. The Reich Church set up, and used pagan rites and was loyal to Hitler.
  66. 66What opposition to the Nazis was there within the Church?The Confessional Church - set up outside of Nazi control by Martin Niemoller. Paul Schneider made hostile speeches against the Nazis. Cardinal Galen openly attacked the Nazis, especially their policy of euthanasia. Joseph Fath opposed Nazi organisations such as the Hitler Youth.
  67. 67How did former political prisoners oppose the Nazis?1933-35. Leaders and members of former political parties, e.g. communists or SDs held secret meetings and handed out leaflets. Wanted free speech and democracy.
  68. 68How did the Edelweiss Pirates oppose the Nazis?1938-44. Groups of working class youths whjo opposed Nazism and war, believed in freedom. Met up, played music, went on walks, handed out leaflets, wknd camps, some actively hunted and beat up the Hitler Youth.
  69. 69How did the White Rose Group oppose the Nazis?1942-43. Were a small group of university students led by Christoph Probst and Hans and Sophie Scholl. Believed in justice and spread anti-Nazi messages about the persecution of minority groups by handing out leaflets and writing graffiti.
  70. 70What happened to the former political prisoners?Many were prisoners in concentration camps and those who were left kept their activities secret.
  71. 71What happened to the Edelweiss Pirates?Many were sent to concentration camps or prison. In 1944 around 12 members were hanged for their actions.
  72. 72What happened to the White Rose Group?After being spotted by a Nazi informer, Hans and Sophie Scholl were arrested, tortured and executed. The group disbanded.
  73. 73How did the Confessional Church oppose the Nazis?1933-45. Protestants who had broken away from the Reich Church, led by Martin Niemoller. He spoke out against Nazi policies such as the anti-Semitic laws. Another co-founder, Bonhoffer, taught that Nazism was evil and anti-religious.
  74. 74What happened to the Confessional Church?Niemoller sent to a concentration camp and released by the Allies at the end of the war. Bonhoffer was executed by the SS in 1945.
  75. 75How did Hitler face opposition among his own men?In July 1944, a group of upper-class army officers, including Claus von Stauffenberg, came up with Operation Valkyrie. They tried to assassinate Hitler using explosives in a briefcase. It went off but somebody had moved the briefcase behind the table leg so it did not kill Hitler.
  76. 76What happened to the conspirators in Operation Valkyrie?All his known or suspected opponents, around 5000 people, including von Stauffenberg, were arrested and executed.
  77. 77What was the Hitler Youth?Nazi organisation for boys over 14. V. militaristic, prepared them to be soldiers. Focused on fun and action, but used group pressure and intimidation to ensure conformity. Compulsory in 1936, created 1926. Took over all other youth groups.
  78. 78What were Hitler's aims towards children?Indoctrination in Nazi ideas through education, oaths, camps, drills and marching. Needed to have discipline. Wanted a healthy Aryan army and Aryan mothers.
  79. 79What was the BDM, or the League of German Maidens?Girls equivalent of the Hitler youth, joined at 14, unpopular as Germany seemed to be male dominant, founded 1930, compulsory from 1936, to educate girls in 'the proper role of women in Germany', importance on job training and motherhood, domestic skills.
  80. 80What were the Nazi's views on education?Disliked intellectualism but recognised need of education for indoctrination. Boys were prepared for work or the army, girls for motherhood and homemakers. Taught Nazi ideology, the Volk and eugenics, Teachers pro-Nazi or fired, could be informed on by their students.
  81. 81What were NAPOLAs?New Nazi schools for the elite in SS, Waffen SS. Very militaristic, had to be nominated by teacher, Then could go the Adolf Hitler schools, then to Ordensburgen, to prepare them for government or military leadership.
  82. 82How did the Nazi's alter curriculum?Altered history to emphasize the 'Stab in the Back' and anti-Semitic, Nazified messages through all lessons, militarised, glory of Germany, v. patriotic, new Nazi textbooks after mass book burnings, eugenics and Nazi party history, propaganda, eugenics and racism.
  83. 83How was higher education changed?Decreased no. of students, didn't want intellectualism, more likely to question Nazism, curriculum altered, Hitler salute required.
  84. 84What did the Nazis want from German women?Wanted them to stay at home and have children, should NOT be involved in politics, keep strong and healthy, Kinder, Kuche, Kirche. Ideal German woman was Aryan, strong build, wide-hipped for childbearing, wore traditional clothes and no heels or makeup.
  85. 85How did the Nazi's try to achieve their ideas for women?Had to leave jobs, employers told to favour men, used propaganda, grants offered to women who agreed not to go to work, Honour Cross for women who had 4-8 children, provided with mothercraft and homecraft classes.
  86. 86How successful were the Nazi's attempts to create ideal German women?The birth rate increased by 36% from 1933-36. But in 1937 had to change, Germany was rearming and needed women in factories, also women were cheaper to employ, all women had to do a 'duty year' of compulsory work, Many women did not want to give up their jobs.
  87. 87Why were the Nazi's policies towards women confusing during the 2nd World War?Although they were needed to make weapons and the government wanted them to work, at the same time, they were still expected to have children.
  88. 88What happened to trade unions?Were banned in 1933 and the DAF was set up instead. It controlled workers and employers, but often showed favour to employers rather than workers.
  89. 89What was the 'Strength through Joy' program?Set up under the DAF, provided holidays and entertainment activities for workers and their families. However, not many holidays took place and often rewards were just cheap tickets to cinema or theatre.
  90. 90What was the 'Beauty of Labour' program?Also DAF run, set up to improve working conditions, give training courses and create equality between classes but improvements were expected to be made by the workers in their spare time, Also the VW scheme, could save up for a car but few were ever delivered.
  91. 91What happened to farmers?Had their farm debts written off and food prices were higher, but there was a shortage of labour as Government work schemes had encouraged many to travel to towns for better wages.
  92. 92What was Hjalmar Schact's 'New Plan'?Imports limited, trade agreements made with individual countries for raw materials, Government spending channeled into specific industries, Unemployment reduced through compulsory labour from 18-25 and conscription from 35, dismissing Jews and filling their positions.
  93. 93What was Goering's '4 Year plan'?Aimed to make Germany a self-sufficient Autarky, increase production of raw materials, persuade businesses to produce the synthetic materials needed, reduce imports, tighten control on prices and wages, build new industrial works.
  94. 94How successful were the 'New plan' and the '4 Year plan'?Solved the economic crisis between 1934-36, Hitler could rearm Germany, but still had to rely on imports for 1/3 of raw materials, and needed to conquer countries that could provide these raw materials.
  95. 95What did the Nazis believe about race?Believed there were three types of race, the Herrenvolk, or master race, were Aryan, the Untermenschen were asocials and Lebensunwertes were people like Gypsies and Jews.
  96. 96How did the Nazi's deal with people with disabilities?At first they were sterilised because they didn't want them to pass on their disablility, however during the war they began to secretly murder them in special hospitals.
  97. 97How did the Nazi's deal with Gypsies?They were viewed as a problem by the Nazi's because they were not Aryan, moved around too much and did not contribute to the economy. Many were sent to concentration camps.
  98. 98How did the Nazi's view and deal with black people?Similarly to the Jews, Marriages between Aryans and black people made illegal and children already born from mixed race couples were sterilised.
  99. 99How did the Nazi's deal with Jews?1933: banned from playing with Aryan children or from certain jobs.
    1935: Nuremberg Laws
    1938: Jews banned from own businesses and schools, Kristallnacht, many homes and shops destroyed
    1939: Have to be in their homes after nightfall
  100. 100How did the Nazi's deal with the Jews from 1939 onward?1939-42: Einsatzgruppen squads round up Jews and shoot them
    1941: Jews are sent to overcrowded Ghettos
    1942: Beginning of the 'Final Solution', mass killing of Jews in concentration camps
  101. 101What was Kristallnacht?In retaliation for a German diplomat being shot by a Jewish student, Nazi leaders encouraged their supporters to attack and smash up Jewish homes and shops. Many Jews are arrested and sent to concentration camps.
  102. 102What was the 'Final Solution'?Nazi leaders felt that Einsatzgruppen and ghettos ineffective, decided in 1942 at the Wannsee Conference, built death camps in Germany and other occupied countries, On arrival at camps, Nazi doctors decided who was fit to work and who should go straight to gas chambers.

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GCSE History (Life in Germany) Flashcards on Nazi Germany, created by Phoebe Hamilton on 14/05/2015.
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Phoebe Hamilton
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