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HP3708

Andrew Susilo Psychology English 52 cards

Cards in this deck (52)

  1. 1Arrest rates more conservative than convictions to estimate true number of crimes Bias - multiple offences can occur with single act; serious crimes more likely reported Dark figure = amount of crime undetected / unknownCriminal justice funnel: true crime committed -> discovered -> reported to police -> arrest -> criminal charges -> conviction -> incarceration
    Clearance rate (arrested + remanded, including when things happen out of control): murder > assault > rape > robbery >> thefts
  2. 2Self-reports susceptible to dishonesty Serious offenders under-report --> contribute to dark figures @ serious end Average 3.2 : 1 self-reported vs convicted offender; drug use 20.3 : 1Victimisation surveys - national probability sample / make up for missing evidence by anecdotal accounts / provide victim demographics \\ response bias / interviewer effect / sample attrition / missing populations / expensive / doesn't apply to victimless crimes
  3. 3Department of Justice uses victimisation surveys (NCVS) + official data from law enforcement agencies (UCR) No consensus about what counts as criminal activity (have incarceration / fined small crimes)UCR showed doubling of rape rates \ NCVS showed decline; UCR data correlated with upticks in female police officers + advent of rape crisis centres -- reduced incidence but increased frequency of reporting?
  4. 4Regression towards the mean - crime may randomly go up -> return to average levels Perception of punishment may matter more than enactmentIntervention effects may be only visible after decades / effects may continually reverse
    Legalising pot could reduce theft \ increase drug trafficking?
    Sampson's suggestion: focus on investigating effects of policies \ focus less on what causes crime
  5. 5Law - social construct; more formal social control in more complex society, varies between / within societies Mala prohibita = bad because law says so; cultural context bound Mala in se = bad in themselves eg murder / arson / theft / rape.
  6. 6Antisocial behaviour = umbrella term for norm-violating behaviours (violent / non-violent) Types of antisocial behaviour: conduct disorder / APD / psychopathy / delinquency etcConduct disorder - >3 in 12mo + >1 in 6mo out of 15# (aggression / property / deceit / rule violation)
    APD - pervasive, conduct disorder onset since 15yo (now >18yo), >3 out of 7# (unlawful behaviour / deceit / impulsivity / aggression / disregard for safety / irresponsibility / lack remorse)
  7. 7Jeffrey Landrigan adopted soon after birth into loving family -> temper @ 2yo -> alcohol abuse @ 10yo -> first arrest @ 11yo -> stabbed friend to death @ 20yo -> murdered a man within 2mo out of prison.
  8. 8Behavioural genetics = relationship between inheritance x psychological expression; estimate heritability Adoption studies - biological vs adoptive parents 2x2 matrix Twin study variances: A (genetic) + C + E (non-shared environment + error)Meta-analysis of twin samples: majority A / E \ less of C; USC twin study show inflated C with teacher report vs parent / child report
    Minnesota study: aggression similarity for monozygotic >> dizygotic (regardless reared apart / together)
  9. 9Heritability estimates for more extreme antisocial behaviours are greater LCP offenders (high heritability) - offend throughout life, engage in serious types; AL offenders (moderate heritability) - age-appropriate crimes Gene effect more pronounced in criminogenic environmentsWays to assess gene-environment interactions: group into categories based on exposure to environment conditions -> assess heritability // (more widely used) polymorphism x environmental pathogen in a regression model as multiplicative interaction term
  10. 10Diathesis-stress model: genetic risk -> antisocial phenotypes -> vulnerability to criminogenic influences Differential susceptibility model: polymorphisms as markers of plasticity -> prime for antisocial // prosocial phenotypes in criminogenic // advantageous environments.
  11. 11Molecular genetic strategies: candidate gene approach (not well accepted due to complexity of gene influences, small effect size for polymorphism) / GWAS (data driven using Manhattan approaches, requires huge samples) Endophenotype = chain of mediating variablesMAO-A regulates neurotransmitters for impulse control (eg DA / NE / 5-HT); MAO-A KO mice abnormally aggressive \ knock-in can reverse effect
    Low activity MAO-A may interact with maltreatment; no direct effect on antisocial behaviour
  12. 12Dopaminergic genes linked to drug use / gambling / alcoholism / adolescent victimisations, serotonergic genes linked to antisocial behaviours, MAO-A / COMT linked to aggressive outcomes.
  13. 13Reactive aggression - high emotionality and impulsivity, feel better at hitting or yelling, self-defense; proactive aggression - planned as a means to an end, driven by rewards Reactive murderers weak PFC \ overcompensated @ other areas; predatory murderers strong PFCPFC deficit may be specific to APD (compared APD vs psychiatric control / alcohol abuse)
    WCC have increased cortical thickness @ left vmPFC (decision making and learning / reward) / right inferior frontal gyrus (respond to changes in task demands, response inhibition)
  14. 14Moderator effect sizes for frontal impairment analysis: functional > structural; fMRI > PET > aMRI; community-based > institutional-based Genes explain 90% of PFC gray matter reduction3yo brain health predicted multiple high cost (>3 out of 8#, including criminal convictions, 22% accounted for 81% convictions); 80% accuracy
    Classification of APD: biological + social predictors (88.5% accuracy) > biological-only > social-only
  15. 15tDCS significantly lowered violence likelihood, especially post-tDCS for murderers.
  16. 16Mr OFT became aggressive + pedophilic after OFC tumour, recurred after treatment because OFC tumour grew back Orbitofrontal / medio-frontal injury increases violence / aggression / antisocial behaviour.
  17. 17Neuropsychology = behavioural expression of brain dysfunction; assess indirectly using neurocognitive measures validated on populations of neurological patients with lesions @ particular regions.
  18. 18Low IQ repeatedly found in offenders, ~8 points difference between antisocial vs social groups Verbal rather than spatial deficits correlate with aggression 5yo low IQ predicts antisocial behaviour @ 7yo when 5yo antisocial behaviour controlledRandomised experiment / statistical techniques (one variable held constant, \ not as ideal) can test spuriousness of low IQ x antisocial behaviour relationship
    Low IQ associated with self-reported delinquency \ not just low IQ ones are being caught
  19. 19Other third variables for low IQ x crime: parental criminality / SES / child neglect / social learning without developing a sense of what is right Genes + brain damage / environment (-> low IQ (-> academic failure / deviant peers / poor social learning)) -> crime IQ effect size larger if low SESBuffering protective effect: high IQ may protect antisocial behaviour in high risk
    Father criminal -- son criminal if IQ lower \ non-criminal if IQ higher; no IQ main effect if father non-criminal
  20. 20Executive functioning = set of cognitive processes deliberately allowing for achievement of goals / contextually appropriate behaviour Core processes: attention / inhibitory control / working memory (also related to impulsivity) / planning / cognitive flexibilityPFC involved in emotional regulation + behavioural inhibition + self-control
    WCC offenders have high executive functioning \ non-WCC decreased executive functioning
  21. 21Executive functioning predicted criminality strongest > CD / ODD > delinquency >> ASPD (inclusive of pyschopathy individuals with co-morbid ASPD) Porteus mazes greatest effect size > go/nogo > trails B ~ verbal fluencyODD - >4 out of 8# for >6mo (irritability / argumentative defiant behaviour / vindictiveness), distress / affects important area of functioning
  22. 22TBI occurs in slightly more than half in offender population TBI children in hospitals: severe TBI increases presence of behavioural problems over time Chronic traumatic encephalopathy = ~8-10y after repeated head injuries.
  23. 23Antisocial behaviour exponentially increased when biological x social risk factors combine Biological risk factors have greater effect @ low-risk social factors IQ mediates nutrition x antisocial behaviour.
  24. 24Psychophysiology = study of psychology revealed through bodily events; non-invasive, quickly responsive to environmental changes.
  25. 25Mauritius study: low HR @ 3yo predicted aggression @ 11yo after controlling for confounds Low HR @ 11yo also predicted criminal offending @ 23yo, low resting HR @ 18yo -x> self-reported violence @ 18yo, low HR -x> convictions @ 50yo after controlling for many confoundsLow HR associated with higher experience of injuries -- more risk-taking predisposition?
    Sensation seeking mediates HR x aggression (direct effect insignificant); fearlessness low correlation with HR / aggression, no mediation
  26. 26Low resting HR associated with proactive not reactive aggression, particularly serious violence Low HR may reflect right hemisphere dysfunction (dominant for controlling HR, also for controlling emotions) HR / antisocial behaviour may share same genesSocial neurocriminology perspective: social adversity may explain low HR @ 11yo -> antisocial behaviour, total effect and direct effect similar (controlled for many confounds)
  27. 27Buffering protective effect: HR effect size greater if higher social class; social push effect in bad homes High resting HR in high-risk (multiple risk) adolescents still protect against antisocial behaviour Large family size + low HR @ 18yo combined for significant effect.
  28. 28Skin conductance regulated exclusively by sympathetic nervous system; measured by attaching electrodes to fingers during sweating Low resting electrodermal arousal @ 15yo associated with conduct problems Skin conductance during stressor: APD < substance abuse < controlsCross-sectional EEG studies: parent ratings of delinquency associated with increased theta power \ decreased alpha (low arousal theory empirically accepted), also impulsive APD murderers vs controls, supported by prospective studies \ some studies show that aggression -- decreased theta
  29. 29Classical conditioning theory of antisocial behaviour: poorer ability to form NS x UCS associations -> reduced development of anticipatory fear -> weaker conscience in emotional development -> failed avoidance -> poorer socialisation -> antisocial / aggression / criminal behaviourPoorer conditioning @ 3-8yo predicted antisocial behaviour @ 8yo (regardless aggressive vs non-aggressive)
    Skin conductance in presence of CS (fear conditioned @ 3yo) not increased in criminals @ 23yo
  30. 30Skin conductance orienting = rapid adjustment in skin conductance (eg level of hydration) as a function of shift of attention to new event General pattern - decay exponentially with stimulus presentation due to habituationConduct disorders have lower skin conductance orienting, ADHD slightly increased / similar skin conductance orienting
  31. 31Lie detection accuracy unrelated to confidence / eye contact / hesitation / fidgeting; higher voice pitch / fewer hand movements / longer response time / fewer details etc better indicate lying Polygraphs record difference in psychophysiological arousal between control questions vs real questionsControl questions = things related to moral character / antisocial behaviours irrelevant to crime
    Issues with polygraphs: may not register if there is practice / if individual has low reactivity / may register false patterns / ceiling effect if person is just too aroused / individual differences
  32. 32Liars have greater PFC white matter + activation than antisocial / normal controls; requires theory of mind + executive function Brain areas activated in lying vs truthful: PFC / ACC / inferior parietal / anterior insula / medial superior frontal cortexActivation likelihood estimation: degree of anatomical overlap based on peak voxel coordinate information -- allows quantification of reliability of overlap
    Factors affecting real-world accuracy: sensitivity / specificity / base rate (creates high risk for tests with low specificity) / generalisability
  33. 33Factors affecting ecological validity of lie detection: familiarity level of information (lie in real life usually rehearsed, not requiring much executive control) / emotional association (may shift neural signature of deception, also truthful emotional events require emotional control).
  34. 34Frye-Daubert criteria: testable and has been tested / reported in peer-reviewed publications / known or potentially knowable error rate / standards for the way the method is used / general acceptance within scientific communityRecommendations for use of fMRI-based lie detection: different policies considered for different applications (restrictions proportional to outcomes and principles at stake) / public-funded research keeping in mind conflicts of interest / scientist duty to raise questions and answer accurately
  35. 35Psychopathy = mania without delirium (no delusional thoughts) / moral insanity Hare checklist: arrogance and deceit (also with abnormal speech patterns, inconsistency) / deficient affect / impulsive lifestyle / antisocial (early onset, reoffends more, versatile in criminal offending)PCL-R assessment: semi-structured interviews (trained to pick out pathological lying) + review of institutional records -- 0 / 1 / 2 score -> may need cut-offs
    <25% APD (behavioural only) meet criteria for psychopathy
    Developed in correctional populations
  36. 36Criticisms for including criminal behaviour in psychopathy diagnosis: false negatives / false positives / over/under-including / possible stigmatisation.
  37. 37Base rate for psychopathy @ upper ranks ~3% Adaptive manifestations: superficial charm / good communicators / strategic thinkers / need for stimulation helps thriving in corporate environments / lack of empathy useful in competitive settings.
  38. 38Childhood neglect / abuse lead to higher PCL-R scores than matched controls (controlled for gender / ethnicity etc); due to less adaptive coping styles / less physiological responsiveness HR slightly mediates social adversity -x> psychopathyPsychopathy in males ~64% heritability, females ~48% heritability
    Meta-analysis: low resting HR / skin conductance associated with psychopathy
    Low fearfulness / low inhibition / high stimulation seeking @ 3yo predicted psychopathy @ 28yo
  39. 39No significant difference in family backgrounds of psychopaths vs non-psychopaths \ environment is correlated with criminal vs non-criminal type of psychopaths.
  40. 40Somatic marker hypothesis (stored @ vmPFC): bodily states that correspond to emotional reactions guide prosocial behaviour + good decision-making Ventromedial lesions --> no SCR to socially disturbing pictures + no anticipatory SCR before risky behaviours + poor decision makingSocial stressor task (eg make a statement about worst faults): psychophysiological recording (rest + speech preparation + speech presentation + rest) + bodily sensation questionnaire (self-report) -- insignificant difference between high vs low self-reported groups for psychopaths
  41. 41Somatic aphasia = inappropriate self-report of body sensations, not aware of body states; not a function of pathological lying Lower amygdala volume (~18%) @ 26yo predicted psychopathic traits @ 3y follow up \ striatal volume abnormally increased (~9.6%) in psychopaths.
  42. 42Unsuccessful vs successful psychopaths study (PCL-R + interpersonal measure + self-report + court records): executive functioning higher in successful \ lower in unsuccessful, heart rate responsiveness higher in successful \ similar but low baseline in unsuccessfulBrain structure differences in unsuccessful vs successful psychopaths: PFC gray matter + amygdala volume reduction in unsuccessful; PFC gray matter may increase in successful psychopaths
    Autonomic + frontal functions may promote avoidance of detection
  43. 43Child psychopathy assessment measures: PCL-YV / child psychopathy scale / inventory of callous-unemotional traits (uncaring / callousness / unemotional dimensions) / antisocial process screening device (callousness / narcissistic thinking / impulsive behaviour)Child psychopathic characteristics have good predictive value for antisocial behaviour, stable across developmental stages \ may not be reliably measured due to transient developmental changes (not all become adult psychopaths) / limited in value if it is part of developmental trait
  44. 44Coldblooded psychopathy linked to low cortisol / reduced amygdala function Impulsivity suppressants may enhance more crueller reprisals especially in coldblooded psychopaths Warm affectionate parenting may reduce callousness.
  45. 45Utility of PCL-R in criminal justice system: external validity / predictive validity upon release / applications for security classification and treatment / maintain prison ecosystem etc \ difficult because of availability of trained individuals / reliable files / only useful when person is psychopathicPercent not guilty by reason of insanity higher for psychosis than psychopathy; disorder only < with imaging < with TBI < with imaging + TBI
    General labelling effect have stronger effect sizes than specific labelling effect on sentence / dangerousness / treatment amenability (not strong)
  46. 46Mass homicide (span of hours, usually pre-planned) = >3 victims, 1x, 1 location; spree = >3 victims, 1x, >2 locations (very quick succession); serial (also usually pre-planned) = >3 victims, >3x (cool-off period >24h), >3 locations Family mass murder = >3 family members (often with suicide)Serial killers often repetitive, mostly between 20-29yo (access to resources / physical fitness / financial status / time for planning location), may prefer to target vulnerable eg prostitutes / hospital residents, often targets strangers (can better avoid detection), mostly general location, mostly solo
  47. 47Holmes & DeBurger's typologies: visionary (inner voice, psychotic / paranoid / schizophrenic) / mission-oriented (mission in life to kill certain types of people) / hedonistic (lust / thrill / comfort) / power and control (seek vulnerable individuals, latter two not easy to pick out).
  48. 48Characteristics of mass murderers: broad age range / sense of being wronged (precipitating event, ~90% in adults, ~50 in adolescents) / morbid fascination with guns (likely to be weapon of choice) / some contemplation (PFC functional) / ~29% result in suicide / average victims ~5Charles Whitman: high-functioning IQ, loved guns, anger management problems, hypergraphia (compulsive urge to write), over-eating, difficulty concentrating, uncontrollable violent impulses; found with tumour impacting hypothalamus + compressing amygdala
  49. 49Fox & Levin motivational typology of mass killers: power (eg Harvey, turns shopping mall into war zone) / revenge (eg Sherill, most type) / loyalty (eg Elizalde, saves family from hardship, suicide by proxy) / profit (eg Puente, eliminates witnesses) / terrorCommon motivations: sexual >> emotional > profit
    Murder by proxy = specific categories of people / society at large
  50. 50Males commit significantly more violent crimes than females - emotional regulation / coping style / parenting and socialisation (linked to social control) / exposure to types of strain conducive to crime (\ direct effect still present after controlling for environment) / reintegrative shame etcMales vs females biological differences: generally lower HR (\ direct effect still signficant) / lower OFC and middle frontal gray matter (especially OFC, may influence cardiovascular differences) / testosterone effect (also influences HR, significantly reduced direct effect after controlling for testosterone)
  51. 51Female vs male serial killers: mostly family (better power over people they know) / more often children / more often patients and elderly / more carefully planned / longer careers Half of female serial killers used poison / motivated by moneyAileen Wuornos: parental abandonment at birth, raped by father (alcoholic child molester), raised by alcoholic grandparents, poor IQ, offered sexual favours, raped-pregnant @ 14yo, drink regularly @ 15yo, killed 7 men over 1y period (mostly coincide with fear of abandonment); had APD + BPD
  52. 52BPD = begins early in adulthood, >5 of 9#: frantic effort to avoid abandonment / instability of personal relationships / identity disturbance / impulsivity in >2 areas / affective instability / chronic emptiness / inappropriate intense anger / transient stress-related paranoia or dissociationBPD ~25-50% in prison populations; more common in childhood sexual abuse offenders / violent criminals
    BPD females higher co-morbidity with APD; over-diagnosis of APD in BPD males?
    General greater prevalence of mood disorders in females

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Psychology Flashcards on HP3708, created by Andrew Susilo on 27/09/2021.
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