Flashcards
Equine Muscle
Cards in this deck (17)
- 1What are the 3 responses of muscle to injury?1.Necrosis-Calcium metabolism, free radical formation, or enzyme release
2.Atrophy-Disuse, neurogenic, cachexia or myositis
3.Hypertrophy-Over conditioning, compensatory or injury - 2What tests help us detect muscle injury? 51. Biochemistry/Increased CK and AST, SK will rise first and AST will be around longer
2.UA-look for myoglobinuria
3.Muscle biopsy
4.Exercise test-collect baseline CK, exercise the horse and collect CK 4-6 hours later, if it doubles or goes above 1000 the horse has muscle damage
5. Electromyography - 3What are the clinical signs you can see in equines with muscle damage? 8The clinical signs you see can vary alot
1.Stiiff gait/HL cramping
2.Reluctance to move
3. Anxiety
4.Sweating
5.Tachcardia
6.Tachypnea
7.Pain on palpation
You can be presented with an exhausted horse-its depressed, dehydrated and has electrolyte abnormalities. These tend to be horses that dont exercise enough and are then put through a massive exercise. - 4Exertional Rhabdomyolysis/Tying up Why does it occur? What clinical signs do we see?There are many causes but a few of the more common ones include:
1.Sudden changes in exercise pattern
2. Asked to overperform its abilities
3.Trauma
4. SX/Anesthesia
Clinical signs include:
1.Reluctance to move/stiff gait
2. Sweating and anxious
3.Tachycardia and Tachypnea
4.Hard, hot swollen muscle
5.Pain on palpation of muscles
6.Myoglobinuria - 5How do you DX sporadic ER?HX+PE+Lab Changes
- 6How do you treat sporadic exertional rhabdomyolysis?1. REST them
2.FLuids, until Ck is less than 10000
3.Nsaids once on fluids-flunixin or pheny
4. Muscle relaxants-methocarbamol or dantrolene
5. Acepromazine
6.Vitamin E - 7Exhausted horse syndrome: Who does it occur in? What are the CS Treatment?1. It occurs in race or endurance horses that constantly perform at a high rate
2.ER and decreased perfusion, colic, and increased temperature
3.Fluids, correct electrolyte disturbances, provide energy and correct hyperthermia. - 8Recurrent Rhabdomyolysis? Type 1.1.Genetic:
1. PSSM type 1
occurs in quarter horses, appaloosas and paints.
It is the most common form
It is autosomal dominant-one copy of the gene causes disease
CS= poor performance, stiff muscles, and muscle wasting
The mutation is in the glycogen synthase 1, this mutation does not allow muscle to generate adequate energy
DX= genetic test-hair or whole blood
Muscle biopsy of semimembranosus
TX=No stress, regular consistent exercise, decreased soluble carbs. - 9Recurrent rhabdomyolysis type 2Occurs in quarter horses, warmbloods, draft breeds, and Arabian endurance riders.
Mutation is unknown but these horses tend to have too much glycogen in muscles
CS=poor performance, stiff muscles and muscle wasting
DX=Biopsy of semime
Tx=consistent exercise and decreased carbs in diet - 10Recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis?IS another cause of exertional rhabdomyolysis.
This is seen in thoroughbreds and standardbreds
CS= tying up when galloping, on and off lameness, is fine on race day
Stress and cold weather can predispose to it
It is due to defect in intracellular calcium regulation in SR
TX=
No stress, consistent exercise, decreased carbohydrates and dantrolene - 11ShiversIt is gradually progressive and is a chronic neuromuscular disease
It is characterized by gait abnormalities, when backing up and an inability to place the leg down.
Might also see involuntary spasms of pelvic limbs and tail
In severe cases the hind limbs can be raised and spastic for sec-minutes. Tail may also be elevated.
Tx=Consistent exercise - 12Mitochondrial Myopathy:These horses have severe exercise intolerance, cannot exercise for more than 6 minutes.
It is a defect in oxidative phosphorylation that causes and increase in lactic acid
DX=muscle biopsy, increased lactate and EMG sounds like a dive bomber
Tx=Euthanasia - 13Hyperkalemic Periodic paralysisIt is an autosomal dominant mutation in the voltage gated sodium channels. It is a genetic mutation in quarter horses. These horses can have laryngeal hemiplegia
CS, are variable:
1.Muscle fasiculations
2.weakness
3.Anxious
4. Prolapse of third eyelid
5. R. stridor or dyspnea
6.Can be recumbent
DX= DNA of blood or hair
Tx= karo syrup, grain, IV dextrose or bicarb
PX= diet low in potassium and acetazolamide - 14Immune mediated myositis/non-exertional rhabdomyosistisIt is a disease of quarter horses. It is caused by a mutation in the myosin heavy chain 1
CS-classic ones are muscle atrophy of epaxial and gluteal muscles, stiff gait and fever
DX=MB
TX= dexamethasone and then pred - 15Nutritional myodegeneration/white muscle diseaseIt is due to a deficiency in VE and SE. These horses can have cardiac or skeletal muscle issue, The most common thing we see is an inability to eat and masseter muscle atrophy.
DX=Whole blood selenium concentrations and glutathione peroxidase
TX= Vitamin E and selenium injection or oral supp/oral is much better, Injections can cause severe reactions
Supportive care, and rest
PX=Selenium supplementation - 16Seasonal Pasture MyopathyAssociated with ingestion of the box elder seed which contains hypoglycin A. This toxin causes acetyl COA dehydrogenase def and results in sudden death
- 17Clostridium myonecrosisClostridium perfringens is the mc organism involves. Usually these occur following IM injection or a puncture wound. CS:
1.Sudden death
2.Obtundation, fever, and tachypnea
3.Sweeling, pain and cryptos
4. Malodor
DX+ HX+CS+culture
TX=K penicillin, metronidazole, fenestrations, removal of necrotic tissue, oxygen into tissues, fluids and analgesics.
Prognosis is very guarded
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- Veterinary Medicine Flashcards on Equine Muscle, created by Nicholas Vanderholm on 22/10/2021.
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- Nicholas Vanderholm
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