Flashcards
Schaffer and Emerson (1964)
Cards in this deck (11)
- 1Schaffer and Emerson (1965) - aims- aimed to investigate how early attachments were formed; in particular at which age they developed, their emotional intensity and to whom they were directed
- 2at what age do babies for primary and secondary attachments?- primary; newborn - 7 months
- secondary; 8-12+ months - 3Schaffer and Emerson - sample60 babies (31 male and 29 female), from Glasgow with the majority from skilled working-class families
- 4Schaffer and Emerson (1964) - method- the babies were visited at home every month, for the first year and again at 18 months
- the researchers asked the mothers questions about the kind of protest the babies showed in seven everyday separations e.g. adults leaving the room (a measure of separation anxiety), this was designed to measure the infant's attachment
- the researchers also assessed stranger anxiety - the infant's anxiety response to unfamiliar adults - 5Schaffer and Emerson (1964) - findings- between 25-32 weeks of age about 50% of babies showed signs of separation anxiety towards a particular adult, usually the mother (this is called specific attachment)
- attachment tended to be with the caregiver who was most interactive and sensitive to infant signals and facial expressions (i.e. reciprocity) - this was not necessarily the person who spent the most time with the infant
- by the age of 40 weeks, 80% of the babies had a specific attachment (for example; primary caregiver) and almost 30% displayed multiple attachments - 6Schaffer and Emerson (1964) - findings table
- 7what are the 4 stages of attachment defined by Schaffer and Emerson?- stage 1; asocial
- stage 2; indiscriminate
- stage 3; specific
- stage 4; multiple - 8stage 1; asocial- 0-6 weeks after birth
- forming attachment with anyone
- not exactly asocial as baby is recognising and forming bonds with its carers
- the baby's behaviour towards non-human objects is quite similar - 9stage 2; indiscriminate- 2-7 months after birth
- display of preference for people rather than inanimate objects
- recognisins and preferring familiar adults
- usually accept comfort from any adult (at this stage)
- attachment behaviour is said to be indiscriminate - 10stage 3; specific- 7 months after births
- start to display anxiety towards strangers
- become anxious when separated from a specific adult (the biological mother 65% of the time)
- at this point the baby is said to have formed a specific attachment
- primary attachment figure; this person is not necessarily the person the child spends most time with but the one that offers the most interaction and responds to the baby's 'signals' with the most skill - 11stage 4; multiple- from 10+ months from birth
- show attachment towards one adult, they usually extend this attachment to multiple attachments, these are called secondary attachments
- in Schaffer and Emerson, 29% of the children had secondary attachments within a month of forming a primary attachment
Information
- Description
- A level Psychology (attachment) Flashcards on Schaffer and Emerson (1964), created by joanna smigielska on 23/02/2022.
- Created by
- joanna smigielska · Feb 2022
- Updated
- Feb 23, 2022
- Views
- 0
- Rating