Flashcards
Chapter 12: Language
Cards in this deck (43)
- 1how do we generate speech? --> source-filter model1. air is expelled from the lungs
2. vocal chords in the larynx produce basic frequencies
3. the final sound produced is influenced by the form of the oral and nasal cavities - 2what is a discourse and what does it consist of?discourse= a complete story or text
--> consists of sentences, sentences consist of words and word consists of sounds - 3what are phones?- basic speech stimuli; physical speech sounds
--> k in kit is not the same as in skill - 4what is a phoneme?- group of speech sounds that serve the same functions as phones
--> smallest unit of sound that causes a difference in meaning
--> bag vs. bam vs. bat - 5what is interesting about 4-month old infants concerning phonemes?they can discriminate between phonemes of a different language
--> adults can't
--> ex: english & japanese babies hear the difference between r and l -> alive vs. arrive - 6when do infants loose this ability?- at 6 months they still can differentiate between the phonemes of different languages but they start to tune in to their mother tongue
- at end of age 1 they can't discriminate anymore
--> Japanese babies hear no difference between arrive and alive - 7why can't they hear the phonetic distinction anymore?- in english r and l are different phonemes, in Japanese the phonetic distinction is irrelevant
- in the first year, babies learn to ignore differences that don't matter and become sensitive to differences that do (phonemes in their mother tongue)
--> adults help them pick up these subleties by exaggerating them using baby talk (motherese) - 8what are perceptual magnets?phonetic prototypes to group phones
--> also known as categorical perception - 9in what age does this grouping start?- at around 6 months
--> group similar phones into phonemes that occur in their mother tongue
--> similar phones, that in other languages group as phonemes, are still perceived as separate phones - 10explain an experiment for perceptual magnets in infants- english i and swedish y
- 32 variants of each phone
- on each trial, babies heard the prototype and a variant of i or y
- when they detected a change they made a head turn
--> RESULTS: 6-month old babies were better in discriminating the two sounds in the non-native language - 11why are the above results?- they grouped similar phones together as a phoneme in their mother tongue
--> they still heard the different phones from other languages - 12what is categorical perception?- the phenomenon of perceptual magnets
- 1-year-olds and older people perceive
artificially-made gradual changes between a large set of phones as abrupt changes
between a small set of phonemes of their
mother tongue - 13name an example of categorical perception in language- artificial transitions from ba to da to ga
--> 14 different phones
- native english speakers don't hear 14 different phones, they hear 3 different phonemes: ba, da or ga - 14what is the McGurk effect?you hear "ba", you see "ga" and you perceive "da"
- 15why does the McGurk effect occur?- the auditive process provides input for the manner of articulation (e.g. nasal)
- the visual process provides inout for the position of the lips (place of articulation)
--> ba: closed; da: opened
- visual information is automatically integrated in the speech perception process (STS is involved) - 16what are regular letter-sound relations in reading?- transparent
- obvious relation between spelling and pronunciation
--> ex: fresh, boxer - 17what are irregular letter-sound relations in reading?- opaque
- less obvious relation between spelling and pronunciation
--> ex: cough, hour - 18what is different in the brain in people with dyslexia?- problems in the visual word form area (VWFA)
- less activation, underdeveloped cortex and white matter tracts - 19what are the language learning mechanisms?- categorical perception
- extensive exposure and practice
- fast mapping of words on meanings
- adults help babies pick up phonetic subtleties by exaggerating them, using baby talk - 20what is the critical period of language learning- till age 7-8
--> later - 21what do the connectionist theories state?certain words are connected with other words, such as chair and table
--> people learn the connection, by being taught that these objects belong together
--> kind of hierarchical: chair -> table -> table leg -> leg ... - 22where is language lateralized?- in 90% of people, language is dominant in the left-hemisphere
- 23when is language dominant in the right-hemisphere?- in 4% of right-handed people
- 15% of ambidextrous
- 27% of left-handed people - 24how did they find out where language is dominant?- with the Wada Test
--> temporarily anesthetise one half of the brain to determine in which hemisphere is language function is primarily located - 25what does dominant mean?- does not mean that one hemisphere is in general more dominant over the other
- in this case, the left is only more dominant in language function
--> hemispheres are dedicated to significantly different but complementary functions - 26what are the two classical areas of language?broca's area (grammar) and wernicke's area (meaning)
- 27what areas in the brain are involved in repeating a word?1. primary auditory cortex
2. wernicke's area
3. arcuate fasciculus
4. broca's area
5. motor cortex - 28what area are involved in reading a word?1. primary visual cortex
2. angular gyrus
3. wernicke's area
4. arcuate fasciculus
5. broca's area
6. motor cortex - 29what is an aphasia?difficulty producing and/or comprehending speech
--> result of brain damage -> external factors: accident, violence; internal factors: cerebralbrovascular accident (stroke), tumor, infection... - 30what can cause a cerebralbrovascular accident?- infarction: blockade of blood vessel
- haemorrhage: burst of blood vessel - 31what are aphasias good for in neuro?clearly show the relationship between language and then brain
--> language is processed in different areas, these areas serve different functions - 32where is the broca's area?left frontal lobe
- 33what is broca's aphasia?- damage to the left front lobe
- problems with speech production
--> rules of grammar and syntax have been disrupted
- problems finding the right words
--> BUT: they can comprehend & they know what they want to say - 34where is the wernicke's area?rear part of the superior temporal gyrus
- 35what is wernicke's aphasia?- damage to the rear part of the superior temporal gyrus
- damage in speech perception
- speech production is fluent but has no meaning - 36name another evidence for the localization of speech- split-brain patients
--> corpus callosum cut, hemispheres separated
- functions of the two hemispheres can be assessed independently - 37what did research on split-brain patients show for both hemispheres?LEFT:
- analysis of right visual field
- stereognosis (right hand)
- lexical & syntactical language
- writing and speech
RIGHT:
- analysis of left visual field
- stereognosis (left hand)
- emotional coloring of language
-spatial abilities
- rudimentary speech - 38what is aprosodia?- another evidence
- right hemisphere damage
- problems with prosody (emotional melody of speech)
- monotonic & robotic speech - 39recall: what are ERPs?- event related potentials
- a registration of brain signals after a stimulus is presented - 40what is N400?negative wave observed in response to unfamiliar or unexpected semantic events
- 41name an example of N400- two sentences:
1. dutch train are yellow & very busy
2. dutch trains are sour & very busy
--> RESULTS: N400 occurs for the 2. sentence, because it is semantically inappropriate, and thus unfamiliar and unexpected - 42what areas are used by blind people to read braille?they use the visual cortex for processing braille and for memory and processing of sound
- 43what does different activity for different categories mean?- people show different brain activity for different categories, such as animals and tools
- some patients with limited damage to the left temporal lobe show language deficits for animals but not for non-animated objects
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- Psychology (Neuroscience interim exam 4) Flashcards on Chapter 12: Language , created by Johanna Hellwig on 17/12/2022.
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