Flashcards
Relationships
Cards in this deck (74)
- 1What must be considered in Rusbults investment model?satisfaction
potential alternatives
how much invested - 2what is investment size?not easily recovered in break up or divorce
- 3what are intrinsic investments?resources put directly into the relationship
(time, self disclosure) - 4what are extrinsic investments?resources from outside relationship that have become connected
(friends, memories, possesions, house ) - 5how does investment affect commitment?increases commitment
to prevent sacrifices resources put into the relationship - 6whats a strength of the investment modelsupporting research
Rusbult - studies 17 men and women
more investment = more commitment
and less alternative questioning - 7whats a issue with the investment modelstudies are correlational
investment may be result of commitment
other factors in place
no causation seen - 8what are Ducks reasons for breakdown?pre - existing doom = not compatible
mechanical failure = can't function as a couple
sudden death = traumatic event
cheating or arguing - 9what did Duck say the 4 stages of relationship breakdown are?Intra - psychic
dyadic
social
grave - dressing - 10what is a strength of ducks modelreal world application
help reverse breakdown
used in counselling - 11weaknesses of ducks modelgender and culture bias
assumes men and women have same process, only applies to individualist
too simple
could return to phases
resurrection phase added - 12explain absence of gating pro for virtualremoves barriers that may prevent face to face interaction
like speech defects, ethnic, attractiveness ect - 13explain hyperpersonal model as a con for virtualpeople can easily manipulate their online identity
be hyper honest/ dishonest version of self - 14whats a issue with reduced cues in virtualcomputers lack non verbal communication
that face to face have
facial expressions - 15negatives of virtual relationshipslack temporal validity, now can have visual cues online emojis, facetime
no face to face can worsen real relationships as social skills worsen - 16strengths of virtual relationships researchsmith and duggan - 53% agreed online dating more acceptable, easier to find match
can access to people who would be otherwise unavailable due to gating - 17what are parasocial relationships?one sided where one is fully invested and other is unaware
most commonly fans and celebrities - 18what did McCutcheon suggest were the reasons people form parasocial relationships?make up for lack of quality in real life relationships
feel missing their identity - 19what is the intra - psychic phase1 partner internally feels their are problems in their relationships
contemplate, dont mention to partner yet - 20what is the dyadic phase?confront each to other to discuss issues within the relationship
- 21what is the social phaseannounce split to friends and families
made official
get over it - 22what is the grave - dressing phase?each create own narrative of how broke up
blame partner or other circumsatnces
move on - 23what are the 3 levels of parasocial relationships from least to most extremeentertainment social
intense personal
borderline pathological - 24what is entertainment social?discuss celebs for entertainment
start becoming invested - 25what is intense personalobsessive thoughts and feelings over the celeb
feel it is a real relationship - 26what is bordeline pathological?extreme behaviour occurs
result of parasocial relationship
stalking - 27what is the absorption - addiction model?have intense involvement in parasocial relationships was to feel closer to them
behaviour then escalates and becomes extreme - 28what did Bowlby suggest about parasocial relationshipsthat they had poor relationships in childhood which formed bad internal working model so then poor relationships form in adulthood
said insecure - avoidant most likely to have parasocial relationships - 29what supports research into parasocial relationships2 surveys given - celebrity attitude and mental health
those that had parasocial relationships has dysfunction in real relationships
were depression / anxious
BUT this is correlational!! - 30whats a strength of parasocial relationshipsJenson and Jenkins
parasocial relationships can be positive
help lonely people build up networks, and give life meaning
not completely negative as model suggest - 31how did McCutcheon critisize Bowlby in parasocial relationshipsfound no evidental link between attachment type and forming parasocial relationships
disproves - 32what does the equity theory suggest?economic theroy
suggest equality - 33what is equalitybalances of rewards and costs similar for both partners
profits and losses same - 34what is over - benefits1 partner gets more profit than other
feels guilty, shame, pity - 35what is under benefits?1 partner gets more cost
feels resentful and angry towords partner - 36how can equity theory change in perspective?what is considered unfair and fair may change over time/ as relationship develops
- 37what did Hatfiled suggest about equity theorythat in later stages of a relationship, partners less likely to 'keep track' of their costs and rewards
- 38what are strengths of the equity theory?Utne - questionnaires found that more equity = more stable relationship
can describe range of individuals that have different perspectives about what rewards and costs are - 39what are weaknesses of the equity theory?correlational research
stable relationship may causes equity
cant establish the cause
culturally biased - 40who suggest social exchnage theory what does it meanThibuat and Kelley
economic theory
max rewards/ min losses
min - max principle - 41what is SET in terms of rewards and costsboth look for beneficial arrangements for stable relationship
rewards makes more attractive
costs makes less attractive
considered more or less important by different people - 42what is comparison level in SET?estimate of how rewarding relationship is compared to past
changes over time
based on feelings of self worth - 43what is comparison to alternatives in SETconsider if another partner would give more profit than current partner
if so relationship end - 44what are strengths of the SETRusbult questionnairws, do consider ending relationships due to finding alternatives
- 45limitations of the SETfew couples ' rate' their relationships or compare
rewards and costs not actively considered, unconscious process
hard to test - 46what are the 3 factors affecting attractiveness?filter theory
self disclosure
phsycical attractiveness - 47what does the filter theory suggest?only attracted to those who pass series of filters
- 48what are the 3 filterssocial demography
similarity of attitudes
complementarity - 49what is social demography?who most likely to meet
live near, work with ect - 50what is similarity of attitudeshave similar core values and beliefs
to be more compatible - 51what is complementaritydifferences are mutually beneficial
provide for each others emotional needs
allows long term success - 52what are strenghts of the filter theory85% in study married to own ethnic group, supports social demography
Kirchoff and davies supporting evidence
similarity of attitudes in short term
complementarity in long term
for most success - 53what are limitations of the filter theory?research used students
cant be generalised outside of young, americans
correlation issues
may form filters after relationship formed
lacks temporal validity
not relevant in virutal (SD) - 54explain physical attractiveness a factormore attracted to good looks
indicates good health, good genes for best offspring - 55what is the Halo effectassociate physically attractive people with having other good qualities within them
intelligent, hard workers, social - 56what did Walster say matching hypothesis is ?look for people who are similar to themselves in attractiveness
- 57explain Walsters MH computer dancemale and female dancers
observers rated their attractiveness and they rate themselves
discounted MH
found most liked were most attractive
people went for those above themselves
didn't take own into account - 58strengths of physical attractivenesscouples rate simmilarly
supports MH - 59what are issues with physical attractivenessmany people believe is not may factor for attraction
cost and benefits better for long term
rating of attractiveness by observers in MH studies is incredibly subjective, not standardised at all - 60what does self - disclosure suggestdisclose more to those we like
indication of trust - 61what is the social penetration theoryrelationship develops as communication increases
reciprocal, 2 way
consider motives
if appropiate - 62whats strength of self disclosuresprecher and Hendrick
watched dates, men and women have similar levels of disclosure
positive correlation between amount of SD and relationship quality
shows is equal - 63what are limitations of self - disclosuredo we disclose because of attraction - correlations
other factors?
gender biased - women more likely to disclose
culturally biased - individualistic only - 64what is sexual selection?we need to survive and reproduce
want good genes from a person that give a reproductive advantage - 65what is intersexual selectionfemales pick highest quality mate from wide selection to find best genes
are choosey - 66what is intrasexual selection?males compete between each other
to access large quantity of females - 67what does sexual selection suggest men look for ?fertile, young women
youthful and good features - 68what does sexual selection suggest women look for?qualities in men to help raise a child
resources they have - 69what was Buss's study?survey to find partner preferences
females emphasise resources
males emphasise looks, youth
supports sexual selection theory - 70what is anisogamy?basis of human reproductive system
no shortage of fertile males as sperm quick, low energy and investment
females less available as less eggs for less of life and takes more energy - 71explain the lonely hearts studyon own personal ads for themselves
men emphasised their own economic status
females emphasised own looks
links to what is looked for - 72explain clarke and Heartfields studywhen asked, 0% F and 75% M agreed to sex on first date by uni students
shows how females are more selective and men will sleep with anyone
supports sexual selection theory - 73what are issues with the sexual selection theory?some features selected for may be disadvantageous to survival
sexual differences are exaggerated (gender alpha bias)
socially sensitive research
justifies shaming women?
fails to explain Homosexual preferences
so doesnt represent everyone - 74—
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- A level Psychology Flashcards on Relationships, created by Isabelle Carroll on 21/04/2025.
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- Isabelle Carroll
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