Flashcards
Crusading and the crusader states, 1095 - 1124
Cards in this deck (81)
- 1JerusalemThe centre of Christian faith. Pilgrimage to it had been disrupted by the Seljuk invasions.
- 2Holy SepulchreThe tomb in which Jesus Christ had been buried. It was the holiest relic of the Christian faith.
- 3Truce of GodAn attempt to prohibit all fighting between Western Christians at certain times.
- 4Peace of GodAn attempt to protect certain groups such as the church and poor peasants from violence.
- 5'Just War'The doctrine developed by St. Augustine that allowed for Christian violence in certain circumstances such as the reclamation of Christian lands.
- 6SpainThe place that the papacy was already seeking to encourage Christians to attack Muslim lands.
- 7Cult of SaintsThe belief that saints acted as intercessors to God and that they existed in a hierarchy.
- 8PilgrimageThis was a desire to travel to holy places. The most important of which was Jerusalem.
- 9PenanceAn act to demonstrate that an individual was seeking forgiveness for their sins. This could include acts such as pilgrimage.
- 10Remittance of SinsA promise made to crusaders that their previous sins would be wiped clean if they took part.
- 11Sanctified violenceThis meant that Christians saw their actions as justified and holy rather than the sin of murder.
- 12Knightly dilemmaThis clash between a knight's role to kill and the fear of committing murder. It was solved with the promise of sanctified violence.
- 13Raymond of ToulouseA crusader who seems to have been motivated mostly by sincere religious devotion as he was already very wealthy.
- 14Godfrey of BouillonHe was in a poor position in the Holy Roman Empire and was not well liked by Henry IV. He also seems to have been personally pious.
- 15Bishop AdhemarHe was also close to Urban II and was sent to represent him on the First Crusade.
- 16People's CrusadeThis force of religiously motivated peasants and knights ignored Alexius' advice to wait for the princes and were massacred by the Turks.
- 17Peter the HermitA charismatic preacher and leader of the people's crusade, he was religiously motivated.
- 18Count EmichoA German count who led his crusading forces in a pogrom against the Jews of the Rhineland.
- 19GreedA motivating factor regarding the potential to gain land that can be best seen in the actions of Bohemond, Tancred and Baldwin.
- 20PrimogenitureAn increasingly common law that meant the eldest sons inherited, leaving younger sons with little.
- 21J. Riley - SmithThe historian who argued that a knight would have to have raised five times his annual income. This would argue against the greed as a motivator.
- 22Bohemond of TarantoThe Norman crusader who was hated by Alexius. He was known for his bravery and skill in battle. He was looking for land and wealth.
- 23TancredBohemond's nephew. He was also seeking lands and fortune and the crusade solved his 'knightly dilemma' The regent of Antioch until 1112. He extended the principalities territory during Bohemond's captivity.
- 24Baldwin of BoulogneThe younger brother of Godfrey who travelled with him. He had left the church to be a knight and was seeking his fortune in the East.
- 25FamineThis had affected Europe for several years inflicting great hardship on peasants. It might have encouraged them to leave for the holy land.
- 26Feudal TiesA motivating factor exploited by Urban II in his specific appeal to senior European nobles. He knew that their knights would be obliged to go.
- 27KinshipThis social tie played an important role in facilitating the participation of many of the crusader leaders including Baldwin and Tancred.
- 28Robert of NormandyAn able warrior but a poor administrator. He saw the crusade as an opportunity to resurrect his reputation.
- 29Stephen of BloisA crusader who was motivated by social pressure from his wife and by the presence of his kin on the crusade.
- 30Robert of FlandersHis family had a longstanding connections and friendships with the Byzantium emperors and a history of pilgrims to Jerusalem.
- 31HungaryThe place where Emicho's army was destroyed.
- 32ConstantinopleThe site of intrigue between Alexius and the crusader leaders. They were forced to take an oath to him.
- 33Kilij ArslanThe Turkish sultan of Rum. His Seljuk forces were defeated at Nicaea and again at Dorylaeum.
- 34DanishmendsA rival Turkish dynasty that Kilij Arslan was at war with in Anatolia. This benefited the crusade.
- 35NicaeaThe first target of the crusade. The city surrendered to the Byzantines and the crusaders felt betrayed.
- 36TaticiusAlexius's general and representative. He served as a guide/diplomat in Anatolia and led a small force with a crusade to Antioch.
- 37DorylaeumThe site of a major battle and victory for the crusaders in Anatolia in July 1097. It demonstrated Bohemond's skill.
- 38AnatoliaThe extreme heat made this part of the journey very hazardous and many men were lost.
- 39CiliciaTancred and Baldwin travelled here and virtually fought each other for control of its cities.
- 40CyprusThe crusade benefited from supplies from this Byzantine territory during the siege of Antioch.
- 41AntiochThe siege of this city took ten months and almost destroyed the crusade. It was finally given to Bohemond causing Byzantine fury and the end of Alexius's support for the First Crusade. Dispute over this place continued to deprive the crusader states of Byzantine support. It was also the focus of the greatest Muslim threat.
- 42Ridwan and DuqaqThese brothers and rulers of Aleppo and Damascus failed to unite against the crusaders and attacked separately whilst the crusaders besieged Antioch.
- 43KerboghaThe ruler of Mousl. He led a combined Muslim force to Antioch. It was defeated partly through internal disunity and ill-treatment of his men.
- 44FiruzA convert to Islam who betrayed the garrison at Antioch after making a secret deal with Bohemond.
- 45FatimidsThese Shia Muslims attempted to form an alliance with the Crusaders against the Seljuks.
- 46Siege EnginesThe construction and co-ordination use of these demonstrated military skill and was vital to the capture of Jerusalem.
- 47Holy LanceThis so called relic was found in Antioch and played a massive role in raising crusader morale.
- 48Ordinary CrusadersThe religious conviction of these people carried the crusade forward when the leaders were divided at Antioch and Maarat.
- 49Nizam al - MulkThe vizier and chief advisor of Malik Shah. His death very shortly after his master's in 1092 crippled the Seljuk Empire.
- 50al-MustansirThe powerful Shia Fatimid caliph whose death in 1094 was a major blow.
- 51Badr al - JamaliThe capable Fatimid vizier who died very shortly after his master in 1094.
- 52Musta'il and NizarThe sons of al- Mutansir who fought for the Fatimid throne after their father's death.
- 53al- MuqtadiThe Abbasid Sunni caliph of Bagdad who died in 1094.
- 54Baldwin IThis ruler massively extended the Jerusalem conquering much of the coast between 1100 and 1118. He allied with Italian city states and constructed castles.
- 55AleppoThis Northern Syrian city threatened Antioch. It was ruled by Ridwan, Il-Ghazi then Balak.
- 56Field of BloodThis massive Muslim victory by Il - Ghazi in 1119 was a huge setback to Antioch. Baldwin II was forced to intervene to save the city.
- 57Baldwin IIThis ruler from 1119-1130 increased the stability of Jerusalem by making laws and ensuring secure succession.
- 58County of TripoliThe last of the crusader states to be founded.
- 59AcreThe capture of this port city by Baldwin I (with Genoese help) in 1104 was of great significance.
- 60ScandalionA castle constructed by Baldwin I to menace Tyre and cut it off by land.
- 61MontrealA castle constructed by Baldwin I to extend his authority over trade routes between Egypt and Syria.
- 62TyreThis port city conquered in 1124 with the aid of Venice, reducing the power of Fatimid fleets.
- 63Italian city statesThese were vital in providing naval support that allowed the conquest of the Levantine coast.
- 64Military OrdersThese included the Hospitallers and Templars. They played an increasingly important military role but were of early use generating financial aid.
- 65Minor CrusadesThese were sporadic and unreliable but of some aid. The Norwegian crusade 1107-1100 helped capture Sidon.
- 66AssassinsThis renegade group of fanatical Shia Muslims inadvertently aided the Franks by killing many prominent Sunni leaders such as Bursq in 1126.
- 67First Battle of RamlahIn September 1101 Baldwin I defeated the Fatimids.
- 68Second Battle of RamlahBaldwin I was defeated by the Fatimids in May 1102 partly due to the over confidence of the Franks. He narrowly escaped capture.
- 69Third Battle of RamlahBaldwin I was victorious at this in August 1105 after defeating the Fatimid army.
- 70BeirutThis was added to the territory of Jerusalem in 1110, again with help from the Genoese.
- 71MawdudThe atabeg of Mousl from 1109-1113 who launced 7 unsuccessful attacks against the Franks. He allied with Damascus in 1113 but was then killed by the Assassins.
- 72Al - SannabraA military victory in 1113 for the combined forces of Mawdud of Mousl and Tughtegin of Damascus against Jerusalem.
- 73Council of NablusThis established many of the laws in Jerusalem. Many concerned the interaction of Muslims and the Franks.
- 74Knights TemplarThese were established in 1119 by Hugh de Payens to protect Christian pilgrims especially on the road from Jaffa to Jerusalem.
- 75Knights HospitallerThey developed in 1113 from a pre-crusaders organisation dedicated to healing sick pilgrims. They later developed a military aspect.
- 76ToronA castle built in 1105 by Baldwin I on the road from Damascus and Tyre to put pressure upon the latter.
- 77TughteginThe ruler of Damascus from 1104-1128. He opposed the crusader states until 1115 and then allied with Jerusalem against the forces of the sultan.
- 78Tell DanithRoger of Antioch defeated Bursq's invading Seljuk army, sent by the sultan, in 1115 and then allied with Jerusalem against the forces of the sultan.
- 79Il - GhaziThe Turkish Artquid ruler of Mardin from 1107 and Aleppo from 1117. He allied with the Muslims as well as the Franks. In 1115 he allied with Roger of Antioch against Bursq but in 1119 he defeated Roger and killed him at the Field of Blood.
- 80BursqThe ruler Hamadhan in Iran that the sultan had ordered to reconquer Syria and Palestine in 1115. He was resisted by Turks and Franks alike.
- 81BalakThe highly capable vizier of Fatimid Egypt. He was murdered in 1121
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- AS - Level History Flashcards on Crusading and the crusader states, 1095 - 1124 , created by Erin Mason on 08/12/2015.
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- Erin Mason
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