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Physiology flashcards for january test

J000D97 Uni Year 1 English 190 cards

State the regulation of enzymes pathway

Cards in this deck (190)

  1. 14 processes of digestionMobility
    Secretion
    Digestion
    Absorption
  2. 2Carbs are absorbed asMonosaccharides
  3. 3Proteins are absorbed asAAs or peptides
  4. 4Fat is absorbed asFatty acids and glycerol
  5. 5What does amylase do?Hydrolyses 1-4 alpha links between monosaccharides
  6. 6List 3 types of enzyme that break down carbsAmlyase
    Oligosaccharidases
    Disaccharidases
  7. 7How is glucose absorbed?Secondary active transport with Na (cotransport)
  8. 8How is fructose absorbed?Facilitated diffusion
  9. 9How are AAs taken up?Active T or secondary active T with Na
  10. 10How are di and tri peptides taken up?By secondary active T with H+
  11. 11How are small short chain FAs and monoglycerides taken up?Simple diffusion
  12. 12List three peptidases and where they are foundEndo - pancreatic trypsin and chymotrypsin
    Exo - pancreatic carboxypeptidases and brush border aminopeptidases
    Dipeptidase - brush border Dipep to single AA
  13. 13Dig of fats in the mouth stomach and duodenumMouth - lingual lipase
    Stomach - gastric lipase
    Duodenum - pancreatic lipase (most important)
  14. 14Triglycerides are digested into what by what?Monoglycerides and 2FA's
    by lipase
  15. 15Role of bile salts in fat digestionEmulsification - holds fat droplets as smaller particles.
    Increases SA for lipases to work on.
    Forms micelles
  16. 16How do monoglycerides and FAs get into cells?SImple diffusion
  17. 17Water absorptionPassive and follows the solutes to maintain osmotic equilibrium
  18. 18Na absorptionCOtransport with glucose
    Cl- and HCO3- follow the Na
  19. 19How are fat soluble vitamins absorbed?They follow the fat absorption pathway
  20. 20How are water soluble vitamins absorbed?By diffusion of a mediated transporter
  21. 21How is B12 (water soluble) absorbed?Active transport
    It binds to intrinsic factor produced in the stomach and then the complex binds to epithelial cells of the ileum and it is taken up by endocytosis.
  22. 22What is an oligosaccharide?A saccharide polymer shorter than a polysaccharide and not as insoluble.
    Usually 2-6 sugars long.
  23. 233 phases of GI controlCephalic
    Gastric
    Intestinal
  24. 24Describe the enterogastric reflexA nervous reflex whereby stretching of the duodenum results in inhibition of gastric motility and decreased rate of emptying in the stomach.
  25. 25BER stands forBasal electrical rhythm
  26. 263 types of gastric exocrine secretory cellsMucous
    Chief
    Parietal
  27. 27In which phase/s does HCl increase?Cephalic and gastric
  28. 28In which phase/s does HCl decrease?Intestinal
  29. 29Chief cell secreates:pepsinogen
  30. 30State the regulation of enzymes pathwayState the regulation of enzymes pathway
  31. 31State the regulation of bicarb pathwayState the regulation of bicarb pathway
  32. 32How is bile flow regulatedHow is bile flow regulated
  33. 33Small intestine motilityMotilin helps move things along
    Decreased frequency of segmentation from duodenum to illeum
    Migrating motility complex triggers peristaltic waves.
    You also have mixing
  34. 34LI movementileocecal sphincter relaxed by gastroileal reflex
    Segmentation
    Mass movement
    ENS
  35. 35DeficationNeural control and voluntary modification
    Controlled by internal (smooth muscle) and external (skeletlal) muscle
  36. 36Defication reflexInternal sphincter relaxes, external contracts.
    Increased peristalsis in sigmoid colon.
    Increased rectal pressure.
    External sphincter relaxation.
  37. 375 layers of the gutLumen
    Mucosa
    Submucosa
    Muscularis externa
    Serosa
  38. 383 layers of mucosaMuscularis mucosa
    Lamina propria
    Mucous membrane
  39. 392 layers of muscularis externa and what lies between them?inner circular muscle
    outer longitudinal muscle
    Plus: myenteric plexus' lie between the two layersd
  40. 40Gastric glandColumn of secretory cells
  41. 41What influences strength of stomach contractionAmount of chyme
  42. 422 types of nervous controlEnteric and autonomic
  43. 432 enteric nerve networks and what do they controlSubmucous plexus - motor neurones to secretory cells cause endo and exo secretions.
    Myenteric plexus - motor neurones to smooth muscle of muscularis control peristaltic action.
  44. 44Endocrine control =hormonal in the blood
  45. 45Paracrine control =Hormonal local action
  46. 462 hormone families and which hormones are in themGastrin - gastrin and CCK
    Secretin - secretin and GIP
  47. 47Gastrin is released by _____ stimulated by _______ and causes _____G cells
    Peptides and AAs
    Gastric acid secretion and mucosal growth
  48. 48CCK is released by _____ stimulated by _______ and causes _____Cells of duodenum
    High intestinal FAs and AAs
    Enhances secretin
    Stims pancreatic enzyme secretion
    Slows gastric emptying
    Causes gall bladder contraction
  49. 49Secretin is released by _____ stimulated by _______ and causes _____S cells
    High acid in SI from stomach
    Stims bicarb secretions from pancrease
    Inhibits gastric acid secretion and slows its prduction
  50. 50GIP is released by _____ stimulated by _______ and causes _____K cells
    Carbs FAs and AAs in SI
    Inhibits gastric emptying and acid secretion
  51. 51Hcl is secreted by which cellsParietal
  52. 52Basolateral membrane3 surface of the cell that face the ECF
    AKA serosal membrane
  53. 53Do microvilli or cillia move?Cilia
  54. 545 functions of the basal laminaStructural attachment
    Compartmentalization
    Filtration
    Tissue scaffold
    Signalling
  55. 55Glandular epithelia AKA...secretory epithelia
  56. 56Do exocrine glands have a duct?Yes
  57. 57Do endocrine glands have a duct?No
  58. 583 secretory mechanismsMerocrine - vesicles with product fuse with plasma membrane (exocytosis)
    Apocrine - products released in membrane bound vesicles
    Holocrine - The whole cell containing product undergoes apoptosis
  59. 59Where do endocrine glands secrete to?Directly into the blood.
  60. 603 types of cell junction and cell-cell or cell-matrixCommunicating
    Occluding
    both c-c
    Anchoring
    c-c and c-m
  61. 612 cell-matrix junctions And what proteins do they involve?Focal adhesion
    Hemidesmosome
    Integrins
  62. 62Basal laminaan acellular layer of ECM that lies beneath an epithelium, holding epithelia cells to the underlying celll layer.
  63. 63Cell types found in the epidermisKaratinocytes
    Melanocytes
    Langerhan cells
    Merkel cells
  64. 643 skin layersEpidermis
    Dermis
    Hypodermis
  65. 654 layers of epidermisCornified
    Granular
    Spinous
    Basal
  66. 66What are the main cell types that move up through the epidermis and differentiateKeratinocytes
  67. 67Thick skinThick cornified layer
    Thin dermis
    Well dev'd ridge system
    No hairs
    No sebaceous glands
    Many sweat glands
    Many sensory organs
    Found on palms and soles of feet
  68. 68Thin skinThin epidermis
    Thick dermis
    Poorly dev'd ridge system
    Hairs present
    Sebaceous glands present
    Few sweat glands
  69. 69Masson-Fontana staining stains what?Melanin
  70. 70Where are langerhan cells found and what do they do?All layers of the epithelium
    Antigen recognition cells
  71. 71What do Merkel cells do and wehere are they found?Sensory receptors to light and touch.
    Found in the basal epithelium layer.
  72. 722 major cell layers of the dermis and what is the difference between them?Papillary - less collagen and elastic fibres, small capillaries, more glycosaminoglycans.
    Reticular - think elastic fibres and dense collagen, major blood vessles and lymphatics.
  73. 73Elastic Van-Gieson stainCollagen - red
    Elastic fibres - black
  74. 74Sebaceous gland is where, produces what and by what method of secretion?Outgrowth from root sheath
    Sebum - lipids and waxes
    Holocrine
  75. 75Where are eccrine and merocrine sweat glands found?All over the body
  76. 76Where are apocrine sweat glands found?Genitalia, anus and armpits
  77. 77Difference in secretion from eccrine & merocrine secretion and apocrine secretion sweat glandsE&M - continuous secretion, for temp regulation.
    A - discontin., to mark territory and as a sexual attractant.
    Both are controlled by ANS
  78. 78Where are free nerve endings in the skin?Epidermis
  79. 79Merkel discsTouch organs in epidermis
  80. 80Pacinian corpusclesPressuse and vibration sensors in the lower dermis
  81. 81Meissners corpusclestouch organs in the upper dermis
  82. 82Organ of ruffiniMechanoreceptro in the dermis
  83. 83Root hair plexusMechanoreceptor in the dermis
  84. 84Connective tissue ECM'ground substance'
    of proteoglycans and water
  85. 85Connective tissue functionForms and support
    Connects and anchors parts
    Medium for exchange of nutrients
    Aids defense and protection
    Signalling
    Cushioning and thermoregulation
  86. 86FibronectinA component of the ECM, multifunctional glycoprotein which mediates adhesion between a wide range of cells aqnd connects to the ECM at focal adhesions.
    Important in wound healing.
  87. 87TendonsParralel bundles of collagen fibres w/ rows of fibroblasts between them,
    Lacks elastic fibres
    Surrounded by a connective tissue capsule
  88. 88EpitendiniumOuter connective tissue capsule of a tendon which is less well organised
  89. 89EndotendiniumConnective tissue from the capsule surrounding a tendon which extends into it and partitions the tendon into subsections called fasicles (bundle of fibers)
  90. 90LigamentsContains fibres (less regularly orientated than in tendons) and fibroblasts in parallel
    Mostly collagen
    Many elastic fibres
  91. 91Reticular fibresType 3 collagen
    Branched
    at boundary of con t and epithelium, around blood vessels, nerves and muscles
    Synthesised by fibroblasts
  92. 92Elastin fibresthinner than collagen
    Coiled and wavy
    Linked by covalent links
    Produced by fibroblasts and smooth muscle
    Central core of elastin surrounded by fibrillin.
  93. 93ECMContinuously modified by connective tissue cells
    Collagen and elastin
    Provides mechanical and structural support.
  94. 94ProteoglycansPart of ECM
    H.phillic
    glycosaminoglycan + core protein
    Link proteins attach proteoglycan monomers to form proteoglycan aggregates.
  95. 95Cells in the connective tissueFibroblasts - secrete fibres
    Myofibroblasts - secrete fibres, ECM and have contractile functions
    Chondrocytes - secrete cartiallge ECM
    Ostoeblasts - secrete bone ECM
    Adipocytes - lipid storing cells
    Immune system cells
  96. 96What drives flow of materials along an axon?Kinesins
  97. 97MyelinGreatly expanded plasma mem of schwann cells (a glial cell)
  98. 98NMJ process in briefSame as a synapse except the presynaptic neurone terminal is synapsing with a muscle and the potential produced is called and end plate potential.
  99. 992 types of post synaptic receptorIonotrophic - ligand gated ion channels (fast)
    Metabotrophic - G protein-coupled receptors (comparatively slow as uses a second messenger).
  100. 100GABA =the main inhibitory neurot in the brain
  101. 101How is an IPSP produced by GABA?BInds to GABA-A recs and opens ligand gated Cl- channels
    Binds to GABA-B recs which activates an internal G protein that acts as a second messenger and leads to opening of K+ channels
    K+ moves out and Cl- moves in
    This increases the PSP
    A more +ve mem pot = an IPSP
  102. 1023 methods of neurot removalDiffusion
    Enzymatic degradation
    Reuptake by trasnporters
  103. 103UVEA = (3)Choroid
    Ciliary body
    Iris
  104. 1043 sclera layers areEpisclera
    Sclera propre
    Lamina fuscia
  105. 105Job of aq humourMaintain IOP
    Contribute to ocular transparency
    Metabolic support for lens, cornea and viterous humour
  106. 1063 compartments of the lensLens capsule
    Subcapsular epithelium
    Lens fibres
  107. 1074 parts of a photoreceptorOuter segemnt
    Inner seg
    Cell body
    Synaptic region / terminal
  108. 108Muller cell roleType of glial cell
    Supporting cells
    Guides light onto the retina
  109. 109Where is the foveaAt the centre of the macula
  110. 110Layers of cells in the retina3
    Outer layer = cell bodies of rods and cones
    inner layer (middle effectively) = cell b's of bipolar, horizontal and amacrine cells.
    Ganglion cell layer
  111. 111Macula luteaA short wavelength filter providing protection (yellow)
  112. 112Optic discThe entry of the optic nerve into the eye
  113. 113ActinSpherical
    Globular
    Has a binding site for myosin
  114. 114TropomyosinThread-like molecules
    Blocks actin-myosin binding sites
  115. 115TroponinControls position of tropomyosin
    3 polypep units:
    C binds Ca
    I inhibits actomyosin ATPase
    T
  116. 116Triad1 T-tubule + 2 flanking terminal cisterna (sarcoplasmic reticulum).
  117. 117T tubulesMembranous extensions of surface mem
    Run from surface of muscle cell to central positions of muscle fibres
    Action potentials on the surface spread down them
    This triggers release of Ca
  118. 118Motor unit= 1 motor neurone and its muscle fibres
  119. 119Muscles providing delicate movements contain what proportion of muscle fibres per motor unit?Few fibres per unit
  120. 120Muscles providing coarsely controlled movements contain what proportion of muscle fibres per motor unit?High
  121. 121Factors influencing extent of muscle tension (4)Frequency of stimulation
    Length of fibre at the start of contraction
    Extent of fatigue
    Thickness of fibre
  122. 122SummationIf a muscle contracts again before it has fully relaxed the second twitch is added to the first twitch.
  123. 1232 contraction typesIsotonic - tension constant as muscle length changes
    (concentric - muscle shortens, or excentric - muscle lengthens)
    Isometric - constant length, creates force w/o moving a load. Sarcomeres shorten but elastic fibres stretch.
  124. 124Visceral smooth muscleSingle unit
  125. 125Do smooth muscles have T tubules or cross striations or A lines or sarcomeres or troponin?None of them
  126. 126Smooth muscle contraction is initiated bycalcium dependant phosphorylation of myosin involving calmodulin and myosin kinase
  127. 127Are single or multi unit smooth muscles electrically connected?Single
  128. 128Are gap junctions present in single or multi unit smooth muscle?Single
  129. 129Phasic SM contractionNeurogenic
    Contracts in bursts
    Triggered by AP leading to high Ca
    Periodic contraction and relaxation
  130. 130Tonic SM contractionPartially contracted at all times
    Low resting potential
    Doesn't show bursts of activity
    e.g. urinary bladder sphincters
  131. 131Cardiac muscle AP generationIntrinsically by pace maker cells in SA and AV nodes
    Firing rate is controlled by ANS
  132. 132CO =SV x HR
  133. 133What prevents tetanus of cardiac muscle?A long refractory period
  134. 134Conduction zonePassages leading from external env to exchange surfaces.
  135. 135What do the trachea and bronchi have that bronchioles do not?Rings of cartilage to avoid collapsing.
  136. 136Type 1 alveolar cells95%
    1 cell thick epithelium
    Basement mem oft fuses them to capillary epithelium
  137. 137Type II alveolar cellsSecrete the phospholipid surfactant
  138. 138Pores of KohnAllow air flow between alveoli
  139. 139Diaphragm separatesThoracic cavity from the abdomen cavity.
  140. 140Pleural sacEncloses lungs
    Double -walled
    Filled with intrapleural fluid
    Separates each lung from the thoracic wall
  141. 141Function of intrapleural fluidCreates a moist slippery surface so mems can slide past each other and holds the lungs tight against the thoracic wall
  142. 142PleuraPleural membrane
  143. 1434 functions of the respiratory systemExchange of gases
    Homeostatic control of pH
    Defense against inhaled pathogens and irritating substances
    Vocalisation
  144. 144Bulk flowDescribes movement of an entire gas mixture.
  145. 145What are the three different pressures determining movement of air in and out of the lungs?ATM
    Intra-alveolar
    Intrapleural
  146. 146Boyle's lawAt a constant temp pressure due to a gas is inversely proportional to the volume
    P1V1=P2V2
  147. 147Transpulmonary pressurePressure in alveoli - pressure in intrapleural fluid
  148. 148Inspiration musclesDiaphragm - pherenic nerve
    External instercostals - intercostal nerve
    Scalene muscs -
  149. 149Active expiration musclesAbs and internal intercostals
  150. 150What is normal intrapleural pressure-3 mm Hg
    (subatomic due to elastic recoil of lungs pulling in and outward pull of thoracic wall)
  151. 151Expiration flowRelaxation of insp muscles
    Decreases size of chest cavity
    Intrapleural pressure increases
    Alveolar pressure increases
    Air is forced out    Expiration flow
  152. 152ComplianceEffort needed to stretch lungs
    Reciprocal of elastance
    High compliance is easy expansion
  153. 153Law of La PlaceP=2T/K
    T = tension
    R = radius
  154. 154What does surfactant do?Decreases surface tension of liquid lining the alveoli so that the pressure needing to hold them open is decreased.
    It decreases resistance of the alveoli to stretch which is normally higher in smaller alveoli
    Therefore it is more concentrated in smaller alveoli so that they do not collapse.
  155. 155The main determinant of airway resistance isDiameter of conducting airways
  156. 156Poiseuille's LawPoiseuille's Law
  157. 157Anatomical dead spaceThe part of each breath that remains in the conducting airways.
  158. 158Physiological dead space =anatomical + alveolar deadspace
  159. 159alveolar deadspaceInspired fresh air that is not used for gas exchange even though it reaches the avleoli.
    E.g. air in a blocked alveoli or one w/o a blood supply.
  160. 160Alveolar ventilation(tidal vol - dead space) x respiratory rate
  161. 161Minute ventiallationTidal vol x resp rate
  162. 162chest cavity size Δes cause...Δes in intrapleural pressure
    which causes Δes in lung volume
    which causes Δes in alveolar pressure
    which causes Δes in alveolar pressure relative to atm and causes air flow into or out of the lungs.
  163. 163As air moves through the conducting zone it becomeshumidified
  164. 164Henry's LawConc of a gas = K x Pressure
  165. 165Ratio of alveolar ventilation and perfusion mustmatch
  166. 166Trend in pulmonary arteriole pressure and due to what?Increases further down due to gravity
  167. 167Va/Q match is controlled by...Regulating diameters of bronchioles and arterioles.
  168. 168Factors affecting haemoglobin saturation and their shiftsTemp - increase shifts right, favours unloading
    pH - increase causes a left shift to favour loading.
  169. 169MyoglobinActs as a store of O2 in skeletal muscle
    HIgher affinity for O2 than hemoglobin
    Liberates oxygen when partial pressure becomes very low.
  170. 170Foetal haemoglobinHigher affinity for oxygen (left shift)
    2 alpha chains in place of two beta chains
  171. 171CO curve shiftLeft
    Higher affinity for O2 at any partial pressure
  172. 1723 ways CO2 is transported7% dissolved
    70% as HCO3- in plasma
    23% bound to Hb
  173. 173Hypoventilation causesresp acidosis
    PCO2 increases
    pH decreases
  174. 174Hyperventialtion causesResp alkalosis
    PCO2 decreases
    pH increases
  175. 175HypoxiaLack of available oxygen to the tissues
  176. 176DysoxiaLack of utilisation of oxygen by tissues
  177. 177COPDChronic bronchitis - inflamm of lungs caused by large amounts of mucus produced.
    + Emphysema - persistent coughing causes stiffness and structure damage.
  178. 178Central chemoreceptors monitorpH
  179. 179Peripheral chemoreceptors monitorO2
    CO2
    pH
  180. 180What do neurones of the pons do?modulate ventilation and integrate sensory info
  181. 181Rhythmic pattern of breathing is fromA network of spont discharging neurones
  182. 182Medulla oblongata areasDRG - (in NTS) controls muscles of inspiration via pherenic and intercostal nerves to the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles.
    VRG - mainly functions during forced breathing.
    -Has the pre-Botzinger complex of spontaneously discharging neurones.
  183. 183CPD = and altered by what...central pattern generator
    = VRG and DRG
    activity is altered by inputs from the higher brain centre via a vagus nerve
  184. 184What is the creshendo effect?Inspiratory neurone asctivity increasing steadily due to positive feedback and then shutting off completely at the end of inspiration.
  185. 185Hering Breuer ReflexInflation reflex
    Stops over breathing
    Determines rate and depth of breathing
    Terminates inspiration when stretch receptors reach maximum stretch
  186. 186What is the most important factor regulating breathing rate?CO2 levels
  187. 187Peripheral chemoreceptor types1 - contact blood and communicate via afferent neurones
    2 - 'glial-like' and inv'd in repair and nutrient supply
  188. 188Where are central chemoreceptors?Neural ventral surface of the medulla
  189. 189Can CO2 cross the BBB?Yes
  190. 190Can H+ cross the BBB?No

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Year 1 Uni Flashcards on Physiology flashcards for january test, created by J000D97 on 10/01/2016.
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